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etc. Posted By: 0 Comment 0 Comment The game of “prisoner’s dilemma” assumes the existence of the prison, as data for the application of the theory; Foucault’s social history of the penitentiary brings nothing to that fight.”. succeed at selective breeding, they conform to the laws of biology in the course of exerting their impact on the biological, as a Canadian capitalist on a business trip to the USA obeys American law as a condition of exerting an impact on the American economy with his business deals. (Thus Wellman categorically- and on pure grounds of network sociology, rightly- rejected the Marxist concept of class). That’s very nicely put. In order to have any meaningful sociological role, they must be materially instantiated on a durable temporal basis, i.e. A contemporary example was the late Steve Jobs, who is said to have had a genius for creating and marketing products people didn’t know they already wanted. I think we associated before we were human; sociality precedes language or symbolic representation. For that matter, capitalism isn’t tied in theory or practice to ANY particular form of technology. “I’m supposed to be writing a conference paper and…derive a visceral pleasure from this correspondence which allays my paper-writing-anxiety.”. discourse analysis, have already. Similarly, the deep structures of the habitus and of “ideological” and other discourses, although they reside nowhere else than the mind, are not given to consciousness and cannot be except where the legitimacy of the existing order is being profoundly contested. Found inside – Page 231As Based Upon Statical Sociology and the Less Complex Sciences Lester Frank Ward ... the influence of the opposite agency of concentration or gravitation . Found insideApter, T. and Garnsey, E. (1994) 'Enacting inequality: structure, agency and gender'. Women's Studies International ... Sociological Theory, 25(2): 170–91. Even in a closed loop time travel story your characters have agency, they can CHOOSE what to do, they just also happen to know that their choices will be "correct" as they're starting from the other side of the loop. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. So … what is agency supposed to be? I could be wrong, but Marx, unlike e.g. My own sense is, probably not. These theories begin in the a priori and end there, without ever having passed through the real on the way. They are rather rationalist philosophies, in fact, branches of Scholasticism; internal logical consistency is their sole criterion of validity. When people work together to make things, the physical properties of the materials they work with and of the thing they are trying to make condition what they do: how much effort is required, how many people, how much coordinated decisionmaking, etc. If these variables entered into the theoretical specification of the social system, by definition there would have to be a sociological explanation of the atmosphere, of rain and water bodies, of the forest- and, for that matter, time and space. I forgot to mention the true bottom line here: mutatis mutandis, exactly the same is true of the non-human ecology vis-a-vis the social. “The game has to hope that players continue to act rationally and intelligently.” – Yes and no. -This is very embarrassing to admit, but as soon as I hit the submit button I realized that I wasn’t sure what I was talking about anymore. Again, more on this later. More likely, these various metatheoretical strategies can be shown to each generate solvable scientific problems, a la Kuhn, in various not-strictly-commensurate terms, in which case none of them is falsifiable, only more or less useful depending on the problems at hand and one’s own inclinations … and the latter being formed through habitus, or ideology if you prefer, the criteria of validity of social scientific theory are inseparable from political or ethical disagreements. English Dictionary antonyms of Agency. It appears that, in the human being, there is some motor tension that can only be discharged by talking to people, both because of the motions and effort involved in speech and because humans are physiologically aroused by the presence of other humans. So a sociology of this conversation we’re having, for instance, would include consideration of the fact that we both own computers, and how much time we have available to correspond (so, for instance, the fact that my internet was down earlier this week, and that I’m supposed to be writing a conference paper and that I derive a visceral pleasure from this correspondence which allays my paper-writing-anxiety and so on). Many of the disagreements between you and I have been precisely dependent on this issue of how we draw the boundaries among our concepts and models. If agency is a character taking control of their actions, making choices, and causing things to happen, then what is it called when things just happen to them? Structure refers to the complex and interconnected set of social forces, relationships, institutions, and elements of social structure that work together to shape … A theory of sociology can be deemed false if comparison of the theory to the real turns up disagreement between the theory and the facts. Is not a great deal of psychology concerned with social relations? an internalized sense of moral duty is very different from a simple apprehension of likely pains of non-compliance, and endures into adulthood after parental commands lapse into impotence and desuetude), “I take you to propose not only that there are emergent social systems but that they are comparable to living organisms in their autonomous self-organization and functional integration, such that there are objective conditions for their life or death (normality vs. pathology) and that these are simultaneously the conditions for life or death of human sociality as such. Is that correct? According to Vierkandt, “the basic facts of life in society are known to us all, because, by nature, we are immersed in them, experience them directly, and therefore find them in the depths of our intuition”. There are a few things here I want to clear up now before saying anything else. What social action can’t do, though, is alter or abolish the nature of those things (although it can certainly destroy existential instances of that nature).”. Yes, I agree this is a crucial question! There are universal structural elements of action that make understanding possible. Maybe this gives a further sense of why I prefer a structural to an agential perspective on action; I find that actors’ intentions only cloud the issue. This one is pretty straightforward, I think, but more common than you might expect. the reproduction of the alienation of labour-power in the Soviet Union, the general entrapment of 20th-century radical socialism by the state, etc. The likes of rivers and firearms, and even living but inanimate beings such as trees, do not make decisions; rather, actors (individual or collective, human or non-human) make decisions *about* them. Understanding Agency Theory. If norms are contested, then is the minority position by definition pathological? The outcome of the game may be “unintended”- but that outcome absolutely depends on a very specific form of intentional action (economic rationality oriented to a highly specific set of subjectively known facts). ( Log Out /  -Ludwig von Mises, “Theory and History: An Interpretation of Social and Economic Evolution”, p.109, n.5. Their interdependence must have an “organic” character, i.e. Perhaps it’s fruitful to imagine ourselves as two artists who make differing artistic decisions on a deep level which lead to differing styles or even genres of creation. Broadly, these can include physiological factors (genetics, hormones, etc. I suppose I don’t agree that sociology is a deontological science. No doubt, all of those things and more enter into the constitution of the social system. ( Log Out /  But the contradiction is merely apparent; it is simply the index of the difference between essence and existence, species and specimen, universal generalization and existential instantiation. Yes this is tautological and has been roundly critiqued as such. “These rules were passed on to children by their parents, in particular, their fathers …” etc. I won’t hold my breath…. unless and until sociology can, on its own epistemological grounds, specify the set of properties that define the nature of those things, and expose their general laws of transformation, the way it does with respect to its own proper object. “I think here you are arguing by appeal to common sense, which is of course non-binding for a scientist. If this is your meaning, then I take it that knowledge of the diagram functions, for sociologists, as something less than a law of nature, and also something more: less, because humans do not always reliably obey the diagram, more because the sociologist is uniquely qualified to say that we ought to. And that this essentialism is a (moderately) conservative one? But the St. Lawrence River cannot, on that basis alone, be considered an “actor” in any truly meaningful sense of the word- and this is no mere arbitrary act of fiat. Resources enable certain actions and the differential availability of resources means that different actors have different actions available to them. [1] Try spending two weeks alone and without talking when the house is full of groceries and there’s no actual compelling instrumental reason to go out and talk to anybody, and see how it goes. The debate between structure and agency is fundamental to sociological, anthropological and political theory. Certain problem-situations come up in social life and certain social forms represent familiar and predicable ways of dealing with them. Theoretically, we ought to recognize the institutional division of labour as a historically contingent social formation and not reify it further by entrenching the divisions between, say, physical ecology and sociology — let alone those between, say economics, political studies, and sociology — at the level of our concepts or our theoretical imaginations. The great structures studied by sociologists- social classes, the State, religion, ideology, and so on- cannot be said to be “caused” by agency, e.g. See "Bill and Ted," "Prisoner of Azkaban" etc. “prisoner’s dilemma”; “social networks”. Game and network theory are therefore at least as important to sociology as the science of chemistry to biological anatomy-physiology. Comprehending the appropriate question to ask is generally a lot more imperative as compared to having a prepared response. always a political authority, some form of property relation, some dissymmetry in the relations of men and women. “Lately I’ve gotten interested in the idea of “collective action problems” as a further explanation for why structures reproduce themselves through habitus. Your own assertion that “All sorts of people and cultures propose things that stand in flagrant dereliction of the laws of logic, math, and plain sense” undermines the claim that “common sense is non-binding for the physical sciences, but in the case of the social sciences, it is every bit as binding as the laws of logic, at least inasmuch as common sense, just like the laws of logic, refers to universal categories of human experience”. I was rather puzzled by this. Perhaps even social theories which aim at scientificity have something of this quality …. What are these? But I am not some kind of Fascist whackjob; I don’t goose-step up and down St-Catherine Street in a Nazi uniform; and I would never, EVER even THINK about trying to predicate right on fact. The a priori is not absolutely and proactively deterministic of human thought and action the way the laws of physics are with respect to motion. If I understood you, you argued that these kinds of factors make a difference as conditions of possibility”. “Utopian political programmes, where implemented, always dramatically inflate the power of the very State that is supposed to wither away there.”. ( Log Out /  And the interchange between the sciences accordingly assumes the form of inter-State traffic in the form of trade, travel, or incursion. But this is no matter. “Marx, unlike e.g. The claim that nonhumans cannot be social actors is not one of them. But charity becomes a social practice only through its internalization by the subject, by a process that shapes malleable features of emotional responses given in biology so as to create a want to be charitable. Is this about right? it would be absurd even as a fiction). Sociological concerns are similarly marginal to game theory. What made me think of this was your description of the human essence in terms of mastery. Such men as can are born, not merely made. “it is written- but I say unto you…”; “it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish, and to institute new Government”). A Tsunami can independently change a lot of social system variable values in a drastic way. The point, rather, is that “cause” or “determination” in the conventional scientific sense of the term is far too rigid and coarse to capture the relations between structure and agency. What’s a big problem, though, is the tendency of many sociologists, especially the structural-functionalists, to slip into thinking that a social system exists because it can. The elements of the diagram would figure as cultural universals found in all human societies; while they would not of course exhaust them all, they would play indispensable constitutive roles in them. animal studies. Noun. With respect to “adequate nutrition and physical safety”: humans are known to chatter in concentration camps and battlefield trenches much as they do in well-appointed lounges- so I think that one can be falsified, at least beyond the point that nutrition and safety merely establish the bare fact of physical existence, which again can’t really explain anything. In this way he delimited the field that sociology studies in a manner almost opposite to that of Émile Durkheim. Sorry, one more comment …. For instance, the categorical imperatives that make up your political rudiments don’t seem, to me, like categorical imperatives at all but like the rules of an authoritarian state society. (Addendum for system theorists: is ‘agency’ just that portion of my action which is determined by the personality system as distinct from the social or cultural systems? “The second and more general criticism concerns the notion of “universal categories of human experience”. “Also, and again, I’d like to point out that the “is” and the “ought” belong to different orders of knowledge arrived at by different methods” — I partially agree. It is impossible by definition for a group of people to have a ‘code of honour’ without any of them being aware of it — perhaps one person could be enrolled in a code of honour without realizing it but they will soon be set straight or suffer the consequences; a code of honour is fundamentally constituted by the subjective meanings which inform action. Found inside – Page 14Collective agency - antiwar protesters from many backgrounds join together to try to achieve a common goal The social action approach In the previous ... Is Pedantics a word? At the risk of being presumptuous: why have paper-writing anxiety at all? Gould), and nor can functional imperatives metaphysically create something out of nothing. “It is the case that the object of any conceivable sociology is, first and foremost, a system of action” — I doubt that this is true of ‘any conceivable’ sociology, but let’s suppose I agree to take the system of action as my object. to praxis – and if so, how? For all these reasons, I employ terms like “Man”, and always refer to people in general as “men” or “he” as mere shorthand, and also as an exercise of the liberty that has attended my dishabilitation and excommunication from the ritual community of the Ivory Tower. The basic elements of religion were thus in place; now there emerged a genuine superstructure articulated on the basis of material/instrumental practices. But I’m not sure that is what I was talking about. Intentionality is the power of minds to be about something: to represent or to stand for things, properties and states of affairs.

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