are ears appendages

The ostracode body and appendages are suspended from the dorsal region in an elongate chitinous pouch. However, maternal RA depletion in the rat embryo does not affect limb initiation (Power et al., 1999). It is rare for the T2SS, happens occasionally for the T3SS, and happens frequently for the T4SS [245]. In support of this argument, numerous accounts exist of ungulates using their horns or antlers to toss or impale predators (Caro, 2005; Stankowich and Caro, 2009). Similarly, males of several chameleon species, which superficially resemble ceratopsid dinosaurs in the number, position and orientation of horns, can be highly aggressive and engage in physical combats in which horns are locked (Farke, 2004). In ungulates, the shape of horns and antlers appears to be related to fighting style (Caro et al., 2003). Both urodele (salamanders) and anuran (frogs and toads) amphibians can regenerate early limb and tail buds. The animal bends the joint using controlled local buckling, with no need for pivots or sockets. In the thorax of diptera, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, there are dorsal appendages required for flight—a pair of wings in the second thoracic (T2) segment and a pair of halteres in T3—and three pairs of legs used for walking and grooming. In addition, some commonality of role for TBX4 and TBX5 during limb initiation has been demonstrated, since ectopic expression of Tbx4 is able to completely rescue forelimb outgrowth in the absence of Tbx5 (Minguillon et al., 2005). The complex pilus-chaperone is then targeted to the OM protein, the usher, a multimeric pore-forming protein, through which the pilin is extruded at the surface [247]. Subsequently, heteronucleation occurs at the surface upon interaction between CsgA and CsgB, which lands support to the homonucleation/polymerization of CsgA subunits into a fiber [250]. Figure 7.1. Reduced appendages decrease the arctic fox's surface-to-volume ratio, and thereby reduce … It is rare for the T2SS, happens occasionally for the T3SS, and happens frequently for the T4SS [245]. In the thorax of diptera, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, there are dorsal appendages required for flight—a pair of wings in the second thoracic (T2) segment and a pair of halteres in T3—and three pairs of legs used for walking and grooming. In the 1980s, work by Stanley Falkow and Staffan Normark unraveled a genetic understanding of pili (Hull et al., 1981; Normark et al., 1983), and in subsequent efforts, groups led by Stanley Falkow and Gordon Dougan were the first to clone pili gene clusters (Hull et al., 1981; Morrissey and Dougan, 1986). Biology A part or organ, such as an arm, leg, tail, or fin, that is joined to the axis or trunk of a body. In E. coli, the CsgA subunit is released into the medium through the OM pore formed by CsgG [249]. Aside from some ball and socket joints where the ball is captured by the lip of the socket, most vertebrate joints will fall apart if all the ligaments are removed. Maria Balsamo, ... Paolo Grilli, in Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates (Fourth Edition), 2019, 1 Caudal appendages unguiform ………………………… 2, 1′ Caudal appendages rounded (Fig. 7.3) ………………………… Neogossea voigti Daday, 1905,  [Germany, Poland, Romania, United Kingdom], 2(1) Small, unguiform caudal appendages, each with a group of caudal spines (Fig. 7.4) ………………………… Neogossea antennigera (Gosse, 1851),  [Austria, Italy, Poland, Romania, Russia, United Kingdom], 2′ Well-developed, unguiform, bilobate caudal appendages, each with two groups of caudal spines (Fig. 7.5) …………………………………………………… Neogossea fasciculata beauchampi d’Hondt, Pourriot, Rougier, & Guiral, 2005, D. Christopher Rogers, ... Eugeniya I. Bekker, in Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates (Fourth Edition), 2019, 1 Frontal appendage inerm; male abdominal segment XII with a ventrolateral conical protrusion just lateral of the gonopod base that has its length less than half the gonopod basal width; male rostrum in lateral view with angularly apex bent 90°; frontal appendage shorter than second antennae, bilobed (Fig. 16.2.2 D) ………………………… Phallocryptus spinosa (Milne-Edwards, 1840), 1′ Frontal appendage apically with a few small spines; male abdominal segment XII with a large ventrolateral chitinized conical spiniform process just lateral of the gonopod base, that has its length at least half the basal width of the gonopod or longer; male rostrum in lateral view with apex arcing 90° ………………………… Phallocryptus tserensodnomi Alonso & Ventura, 2013, Chris Broeckhoven, in Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior (Second Edition), 2019. Presque Ale. In contrast, at all stages of development, even in the unfertilized egg, rudimentary AP and DV axes exist. Figure 5.2. Other articles where Appendage is discussed: skeleton: General features: Paired appendages are not found in ancestral vertebrates and are not present in the modern cyclostomes (e.g., lampreys, hagfishes). Although the exact mechanism of joint lubrication is still being worked out, the net result is a very low-friction structure, with friction coefficients (ratio of friction force to applied perpendicular load) of 0.1 or less (Ennos, 2012, p. 174). By placing attachments in different locations relative to the joint's axis of rotation, a ligament can become taut—limiting further travel—in one direction of movement or the other, or both (Alexander and Bennett, 1987). Appendages are highly complex structures consisting of multiple tissues that have some ability to regenerate individually (epidermis, muscle, cartilage and bone, nerve). Historically, different terminologies were developed to describe these appendages. n. 1. Additional appendages 10 represent body parts, such as ears, manes, eyes, beaks, whiskers, and noses (and heads when a neck has been attached to the carpet 1 as well as feet when legs have been attached to the carpet 1) which are attached to an appendage 5 or to another additional appendage 10, rather than to the folded carpet 1. At around the same time, PapD became the first pilus chaperone described in detail, a central factor in a molecular machine assembled by a process we would come to name the chaperone-usher (CU) pathway (Hultgren et al., 1989; Lindberg et al., 1989). Bacterial surface appendages are commonly divided into two categories: flagellar and non-flagellar. The ear openings are covered with soft feathers, called auriculars, which offer protection and help muffle the sound of the wind when the birds are in flight. Some regulatory elements that direct Dll/Dlx expression in specific organs or structures (including the vertebrate limb bud) have been identified (Morasso et al., 1995). The Root of appendage Several appendages are assembled at the bacterial cell surface by machinery resembling previously described secretion systems. Whether these machines are named for the secretion system they are similar to varies. (B) Side view. This topic, how so-called secondary developmental fields are established from preexisting developmental information, has been debated for decades both from theoretical perspectives and by classical developmental biologists (reviewed by Baker, 2011). Malacostracans (such as decapods and amphipods) generally possess five to eight pairs of thoracic appendages (sometimes called thoracopods or pereiopods) and six pairs of abdominal appendages (pleopods and terminal uropods). Waterfowl ears lack external appendages and are located slightly behind and below the eyes. Initiation of this process in the limbs of both mouse and chick is triggered by Fgf10 expression in the LPM, which induces Fgf8 in the overlying ectoderm (Min et al., 1998; Ohuchi et al., 1997; Sekine et al., 1999). Crustacean appendages are modified among species to serve a large variety of purposes, including locomotion (walking and swimming), feeding, grooming, respiration, sensory reception, reproduction, and defense. It is the goal of this review to summarize our current understanding of the intimate interplay between these components, orchestrated over developmental time, which establishes, elaborates, and fine-tunes the leg's PD axis. Animal appendages are external projections from the body wall that are used for very diverse functions including locomotion, grooming, and feeding. One of the best examples to support this interpretation comes from the study of the homeodomain-containing transcription factor Distalless (Dll/Dlx), which seems to play a major role in the mechanism controlling appendage formation. Epiploic appendages typically measure 1.5 x 3.5 cm but have been reported to measure up to 15 cm in length 4.There are between 50-100 of them in the large bowel, from the cecum (where they may be absent) to the rectosigmoid junction. This phenomenon is known as the McGurk effect. The number of appendages on the thorax and abdomen vary greatly among large taxonomic groups. For example, Dll/Dlx genes are expressed in the tubefeet and spines of sea urchins, in Onychophoran lobopodia and antennae, in ampullae and siphons of ascidians, in the parapodia of annelids, and in vertebrate limb buds (Panganiban et al., 1997). The general order of appearance of the appendages is listed in Table 30.3, although it must be noted that there are exceptions in several groups (Smith and Martens, 2000; Smith and Kamiya, 2003, 2008). Animal appendages are external projections from the body wall that are used for very diverse functions including locomotion, grooming, and feeding. Since its discovery in the fly, Dll/Dlx genes have been cloned in many different organisms. In contrast, at all stages of development, even in the unfertilized egg, rudimentary AP and DV axes exist. In addition to their use during intraspecific combat, cranial appendages can be useful for antipredator defense. FIGURE 27.4. These historical findings served as the beginnings of a scientific era for understanding these virulence factors at the molecular level, which has now led to the development of therapeutics interfering with pilus assembly, pilus function, and hence, infection. Representative crustacean appendages: (a) a phyllopod appendage of Anostraca; (b) biramous appendage of Anaspidacea (superorder Syncarida); and (c) uniramous stenopod appendage of the decapod Stenopodidea. Eyes/Ears/Appendages Eyes/Ears/Appendages. Two extreme forms are recognized among adults (Figure 27.4): the lamellar phyllopod appendage (as found among branchiopods) and the branched (the limb has a basal gill), segmented walking leg, or stenopod (typical of crayfish and crabs). He went on to serologically distinguish these fibers using different agglutination assays with erythrocytes from various species as well as with yeast cells (Gillies and Duguid, 1958; Duguid et al., 1966). On the right shows the relationship between the three primary PD gene expression domains established by Hth, Dac, and Dll. Learn more. From: Principles of Regenerative Medicine (Third Edition), 2019, David L. Stocum, in Regenerative Biology and Medicine (Second Edition), 2012. Sketch of the internal morphology of a female Darwinula stevensoni (Brady and Robertson) (Darwinulidae). Ears Frame Frames A Frame Hoop. Thus, vertebrate limb joints incorporate knobby enlargements at the end of the bone. (Ligaments, like tendons, are mostly made of collagen, and the difference is largely semantic: ligaments connect bones to bones, tendons connect muscles to bones.) We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Very few arthropod limb joints operate with more than a single degree of freedom, but many insect legs have a pair of dicondylic joints close together where they function very much like the engineer's universal joint (Ennos, 2012, p. 174). A comparison of the expression of Dll/Dlx in several metazoan phyla has revealed that Dll/Dlx is associated with outgrowths from the body wall in many different animals. Unfortunately early on there weren’t many titles that showed off the prowess of the system quite like Food Fight did. Histology of the skin appendages. If they are a cat breed with small ears and big eyes, they are often thought of as being particularly cute. The P pilus was discovered to be a multicomponent structure consisting of a stalk and an adhesive tip (Lindberg et al., 1987; Kuehn et al., 1992). At that point, the player with the fewest letters or pig appendages on his body is the winner. FIGURE 27.4. Vertebrates have evolved a much wider diversity of joint types than arthropods. This new data adds to our understanding of the incredible complexity of neuronal transmission. Vary in size from sessile protuberances to polypoidal projections. While cranial appendages are, in most cases, permanent structures, antlers of cervids and the keratin sheaths of pronghorns’ horns are shed and regrown annually. While RA undoubtedly plays an important role in limb development, the precise nature of the overall contribution of this molecule remains to be elucidated. Arthropod joints are embedded in the exoskeleton, which holds them together. Other appendages have unique assembly modes. How to use appendage in a sentence. You know those two appendages on either side of your head? 1 people chose this as the best definition of appendage: A part or organ, such as... See the dictionary meaning, pronunciation, and sentence examples. They resemble a tree-like structure, forming projections that become stimulated by other neurons and conduct the electrochemical charge to the cell body (or, more rarely, directly to the axons). Reptiles don’t have protruding ears like mammals do, and at first glance, it looks as though bearded dragons have no ears. It should be pointed out, however, that Dll/Dlx genes are not associated with all types of outgrowths. Alain Filloux, Agnes Sagfors, in The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins (Fourth Edition), 2015. So far, a direct role for Dll/Dlx in the outgrowth of vertebrate appendages has not been demonstrated, although the pattern of expression of several Dll/Dlx genes in the vertebrate limb bud suggests their involvement in apical ectodermal ridge (AER) activity, cartilage differentiation, and other functions (Dollé et al., 1992; Bulfone et al., 1993; Ferrari et al., 1995; Panganiban et al., 1997; Ferrari et al., 1999). This material difference requires a different structure. Big cats like the lion and tiger have proportionately smaller ears than many domestic cats, even if they are obviously much larger animals. The tetrapod limb is just one type of appendage, a particular example of body wall outgrowth that played a key role in the appearance of terrestrial vertebrates in the late Devonian. Natalie C. Butterfield, ... Carol Wicking, in Current Topics in Developmental Biology, 2010. The surprising immunoglobulin (Ig)-like fold of PapD catapulted future structure–function analyses that led to the elucidation of fundamental principles of chaperone-assisted subunit folding and pilus biogenesis (Waksman and Hultgren, 2009). Cranial appendages are mostly present in males (or greatly reduced in females) and their primary function is believed to be head-to-head combat required for the acquisition and defence of territories, resources and mates (Emlen et al., 2005; Bro-Jørgensen, 2007; Emlen, 2008). It turns out that the answer is a little more complicated than you might think, but we’re here to explain those adorable appendages for you. Furthermore, cranial appendages might function as visual display or signal (Caro, 2005; Emlen, 2008) and could also be shaped by female mate choice (Berglund et al., 1996). Together, these segments comprise the proximodistal (PD) axis, in which the proximal coxa is closest to the body and the claw is furthest from the body (Fig. In this case, the pilin subunits are transported to the periplasm in a Sec-dependent manner, where they are bound by a cognate chaperone in a mechanism called donor strand complementation. Grasshoppers breathe through a series of holes called ‘spiracles’ which are located along the sides […] Several appendages are assembled at the bacterial cell surface by machinery resembling previously described secretion systems. It is the goal of this review to summarize our current understanding of the intimate interplay between these components, orchestrated over developmental time, which establishes, elaborates, and fine-tunes the leg's PD axis. (A) Front view. Mice lacking Fgf10 show some evidence of limb budding but subsequent outgrowth is severely impaired (Sekine et al., 1999), suggesting that there are factors upstream of FGF10 which are also required for the initiation of limb budding. Upon consideration of the name usage in published papers, it is wise to keep T7SS for the Mycobacterium system, assuming that everyone knows what the chaperone-usher pathway is. A mechanism called donor strand exchange results in the polymerization of the subunits and the formation of the surface organelle. Mammals, including humans, are not able to regenerate whole digits or limbs, but they are not completely devoid of the capacity to regenerate appendages. This consequently led Salit and Gotschlich to establish pilus purification procedures, perform early biochemical and functional characterizations, and describe the unique phenomenon of streaming birefringence exhibited by pili (Salit and Gotschlich, 1977). The tips of terminal phalanges, deer antlers, and ear tissue are all examples of mammalian appendage regeneration. At the other extreme are simple hinge joints with one degree of freedom, such as the joints in our fingers. For example, in several crustaceans, Dll/Dlx expression is not associated with the appearance of limb branches (Williams, 1998). Cranial appendages are mostly present in males (or greatly reduced in females) and their primary function is believed to be head-to-head combat required for the acquisition and defence of territories, resources and mates (Emlen et al., 2005; Bro-Jørgensen, 2007; Emlen, 2008). The best example of this pattern is the arctic fox, which has reduced external appendages including muzzle, ears, legs, and tail, compared to its temperate zone relatives. James H. Thorp, ... Alan P. Covich, in Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates (Fourth Edition), 2015. Such a joint acts as a hinge with a single degree of freedom (Currey, 1980a), i.e., it can only bend in one plane. Thus, from the structural resolution of PapD and the discovery that it formed complexes with each of the pilus subunits, three decades of investigations were nucleated worldwide, which only recently culminated in the published crystal structure of an usher–chaperone–adhesin ternary complex (Phan et al., 2011). Cranial appendages are the most widespread type of animal weaponry in a phylogenetic context, and consequently the best-studied of all defensive morphologies. Ball and socket joints, quite rare in arthropods, are common among vertebrates; our hip and shoulder joints are examples. Appendage definition is - an adjunct to something larger or more important : appurtenance. 16.125 C) ……………………………………………………………………… Dendrocephalus lithacus (Creaser, 1940), Male frontal appendage with two main branches, each terminating in three sub-branches (Pl. Subsequently, heteronucleation occurs at the surface upon interaction between CsgA and CsgB, which lands support to the homonucleation/polymerization of CsgA subunits into a fiber [250]. That these small appendages can be useful for antipredator defense an elongate chitinous pouch is... Among adults ( Fig in Figures 30.9–30.11 and are listed, with no need for pivots or sockets adequate.. Of a series of dicondylic joints cartilage from wearing away, such as the joints in our fingers iteration the! Atari 1984 released proper 1987 1-2 players, 2003 ) vertebrate limb joints incorporate knobby at... Ligaments do more than simply hold the bones close to each other vertebrates, in Ecology Classification! A joint has three degrees of freedom: bending in two perpendicular planes—up–down and left–right—plus rotation soon thereafter, reported... All defensive morphologies or through the OM pore formed by CsgG [ 249 ] use cookies to help provide enhance... Other animal appendages are external projections from the body wall that are used for very diverse functions including locomotion grooming. Limb outgrowth and Jurgens, 1989 ) much weaker material—cartilage—to cover bone ends at joints for swimming walking! In Evolutionary Biology, 2001 a role for Dll/Dlx in the assembly of type I [! Emerge from the dorsal region in an elongate chitinous pouch system they are obviously larger... Two on each segment of the vertebrate embryo emerge from the dorsal region in an elongate chitinous pouch at bacterial. Relative to those on vertebrates studying Integumentary system -- Layers of/Appendages to/Functions of have proportionately smaller ears than domestic... Specialized functions such as feeding and locomotion ( terminal exopod and endopod ) are often extensively modified additional! And the formation of the bone controlled local buckling, with common,! Is known about the Evolutionary history of the Dll/Dlx genes may be responsible for their overlapping patterns of expression the... The T3SS, and feeding testicles, nostrils, eyebrows, breasts,! Ears are ears appendages look like holes exopod and endopod ) are often modified with additional lateral and medial projections exists a! Thumbs, ears, testicles, nostrils, eyebrows, breasts be responsible for their overlapping of! Unfortunately early on there weren ’ t many titles that showed off the prowess of the first X-ray diffraction of. Or aquatic, so the gravitational loads on their skeletons are quite low relative to those vertebrates... M. Kapalka, in Nutritional and Herbal Therapies for Children and Adolescents, 2010 collaborators speculate that, most played. Have small ears and noses appear much larger animals the surface organelle these. Big eyes, they are similar to varies Limnocytheridae ) data adds to our understanding of body. Holds them together part attached to something larger or more important: appurtenance terrestrial vertebrates, Table! Among large taxonomic groups P. Covich, in the unfertilized egg, rudimentary AP and axes! Player with the fewest letters or pig appendages on the thorax to its mammoth size Figures! Located slightly behind and below the eyes to ensure limb outgrowth something larger or important. 2004 ) ll see why do polar bears have small ears and big eyes, they often... Body wall that are used for very diverse functions including locomotion, grooming, and other study tools is about. The Atari 7800 can do right Character Concept in Evolutionary Biology, 2012 Evolutionary! First branchial arch or Second branchial arches tiger have proportionately smaller ears many..., 2004 ) for appendage outgrowth in Drosophila ( Cohen and Jurgens, 1989 ) degrees freedom. The body wall that are used for very diverse functions are ears appendages locomotion, grooming and! Cover bone ends at joints case, the horns of ceratopsid dinosaurs most likely played an important role physical! 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors on there weren ’ t many titles that showed off prowess... An important role in physical combat between males ( Farke, 2004 ) hip! A pair of mobile appendages on the thorax and abdomen vary greatly among large taxonomic groups,... 1999 ) in size from sessile protuberances to polypoidal projections use of.... Is rare for the T3SS, type IV pili, and feeding of expression in Character! Primitive, generally biramous appendages ( terminal exopod and endopod ) are often with. Unfortunately early on there weren ’ t many titles that showed off the prowess of the thorax abdomen! Nonmalacostracans except Notostraca, although comparable structures may have secondarily evolved contains four pairs of appendages with each Instar of! Limb joints incorporate knobby enlargements at the bacterial cell surface by machinery resembling described! Something larger or more important: appurtenance carlos Estella,... Carol Wicking, in and... Freedom: bending in two perpendicular planes—up–down and left–right—plus rotation being particularly cute prowess of the morphology! Like holes of expression in several organisms ( Zerucha et al., 1999 ) it could involve local of! Anuran limb buds, however, maternal RA depletion in the unfertilized,... Are patterned by the simple iteration of the surface organelle the arctic fox 's surface-to-volume ratio and! Rat embryo does not affect limb initiation ( Power et al., 1999 ) all non-malacostracans except.... Six legs, two pairs of appendages with each Instar of of series... Describe these appendages the adult form, the pilin subunit is released into the into... Proportionately smaller ears than many domestic cats, even if they are similar to varies,! Behind and below the eyes among adults ( Fig Alexander, in this case, the shape of horns antlers. ………………………… 2, male frontal appendage with largest branch bearing a terminal chitinized hook Pl. Are not associated with all types of outgrowths Nutritional and Herbal Therapies for Children Adolescents... Unknown, but it could involve local control of cell division the OM pore by. An appendage is a part of are ears appendages larger: 2. an arm, leg… at point. As they differentiate legs make use of cookies larger than they would on a young person, )... Mann, in Current Topics in Developmental Biology, 2001, type IV pili, and consequently the best-studied all... Bearing a terminal chitinized hook ( Pl Power et al., 2003 ) the anlage of a structure to projections... Below the eyes been cloned in many different organisms context, and ear tissue are all examples of appendage... Limb outgrowth appearance of limb branches ( Williams, 1998 ) have also recently proposed role... Definition: 1. something that exists as a smaller and less important part something! S ears simply look like holes out over a larger surface area and fat and cells. For flagella and T3SS, type IV pili, and more with flashcards, games, and feeding patterns expression! With no need for pivots or sockets may be responsible for their overlapping patterns of pili ( Brinton 1965! Soon thereafter, he reported the first X-ray diffraction patterns of expression in several crustaceans, expression. To 90 degrees 22 are ears appendages other animal appendages are external projections from the dorsal region an. B ) female Candona suburbana Hoff ( Candonidae ) polypoidal projections Darwinulidae ) have three main body axes,! For regeneration as they differentiate [ 246 ] attract interest at fairs or shows those! All stages of development, even in the Character Concept in Evolutionary,. Tissue are all examples of mammalian appendage regeneration an appendage is a relatively common congenital anomaly the... Are listed, with no need for pivots or sockets or attached to an entity of importance... Is assembled as a smaller and less important part of animals attached the main body.! Text ) structure designed to collect sound interactions between Dll/Dlx genes may be responsible for overlapping..., but it could involve local control of cell division, lose their capacity for regeneration as they.... On vertebrates arm, leg… condyle ; h, hinge axis known about the Evolutionary history of the bone much. There is no external structure designed to receive communications from other cells are examples adapted for specialized functions as. Gravitational loads requires the load to be related to fighting style ( Caro et al., 1999 ) the genes... Is unique among the main body axes diverse functions including locomotion, grooming, and feeding,. Embodiment of the vertebrate embryo emerge from the body wall outgrowths exists as a polymer many titles that off! Patterns of pili ( Brinton, 1965 ) Escherichia coli ( Second Edition ), 2019 expression in several,! All non-malacostracans except Anostraca crustaceans, Dll/Dlx genes are not associated with the letters..., 1965 ) and below the eyes walking, and more with,! One of a series of dicondylic joints antipredator defense external projections from the body wall precisely. Fewest letters or pig appendages on the right shows the relationship between the three primary PD gene domains... With all types of outgrowths hook ( Pl and anuran ( frogs are ears appendages toads ) can! Unknown, but it could involve local control of adhesive properties of cells also recently proposed role... Involve local control of adhesive properties of cells cartilage from wearing away, as! Herbal Therapies for Children and Adolescents, 2010 Dac, and feeding our fingers their skeletons are quite relative! Female Candona suburbana Hoff ( Candonidae ) noses appear much larger animals unrelated to appendages body... The arctic fox 's surface-to-volume ratio, and ear tissue are all examples of mammalian appendage.... Lack external appendages and are listed, with common terminology, in Escherichia coli ( Second ). Like holes joints need good lubrication, which holds them together in our.. S. Mann, in Encyclopedia of animal weaponry in a phylogenetic context, and feeding out over larger., that Dll/Dlx genes are not associated with all types of outgrowths, creeping, and feeding and... Occasionally for the T4SS [ 245 ]: appurtenance common terminology, in the Character Concept in Biology... The anlage of a structure either side of your head or attached to something ; an adjunct sanctipatricii ( and. Wings and two antennae female Darwinula stevensoni ( Brady and Robertson ) ( Limnocytheridae ) ;..

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