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Part I places Bions view on the importance of the epistemophilic instinct at the heart of a critique of the pleasure-centred theories of the cinematic apparatus of Jean-Louis Baudry, Christian Metz and Gaylyn Studlar, proposing an idea of cinema as thoughts in search of a thinker. To find out more about web accessibility, and the accessibility features of this site, please visit our web accessibility page. Found inside Page 190Freud (1923) originally used 'epistemophilia' about the human drive to gain knowledge Commenting on Bion's development of the 'epistemophilic instinct', 120-121). Found insideBut where does this thirst, or 'epistemophilic instinct', come from? There are a number of different views regarding the origins of the urge to learn. NEUROSCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF IMAGINATION. Imagination is one of them. For the Lion Man, the artist chose essential and useful human physical features, namely an upright position with hands free to use, together with the cave lion's essential features, namely animal power evoking terror. D.W. [1971] (1986) Playing and Reality. Sorry, but internet comics are the only kind I look at. On Beliefs and Peoples. Our ancestors instinctively knew this and the ice-age artist who created the Lion Man was no exception. Fonagy, P. & Target, M. (2000) Playing with reality: III. Consequently it is our frontal cortex which has the capacity for representational forms of memory by stabilizing the objects of perception and thereby generating objectpresentations. Trevarthen calls this not a conversation but a proto conversation, which he denotes as playing (Trevarthen 2009). Oppenheim, L. (2013) Imagination, from Fantasy to Delusion. Ramachandran V.S. Found inside Page 35So the epistemophilic instinct and the desire to take possession come quite early to be most intimately connected with one another and at the During the clinical hour the therapist attempts to transform and gather into a form, i.e. The choice of the cave lion for the head transposed to a human body also tells us a story. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 41:327-334. To paraphrase one of Bions comments on the suppression and expression of the epistemophilic instinct (1965, p. 77), I do not see these choices as backward-looking, having been made in relation to what might have been lost, but instead as forward-looking, searching for what can be found. Regarding the Lion Man we can speculate about the extent to which playing, at the very least playing with ideas, was crucial to the creation of the sculpture. Found inside Page 188The early connection between the epistemophilic impulse and sadism is very important for the whole mental development. This instinct, activated by the rise Found inside Page 78Where the epistemophilic instinct is a preponderating feature in the constitution of an obsessional patient, brooding becomes the principal symptom of the His work during this time informed the development of his psyochanalytic theory, giving him a greater understanding of how early life experiences shape mental development. Imagination is so central to the human mind and to the mind's link to the use of the arts that further exploration, limited as it might be, seems worthwhile. IMAGINATION FROM THE PSYCHOANALYTIC VIEWPOINT. This conclusion supports Beres in his view that not only can reality can be expanded but it can also be altered and to some degree controlled. New York: Basic Books. Cook, J. There have been many and varied attempts to understand and/or define imagination in the literature of psychoanalysis. He then spent 4 years at Cambridge University doing a PhD, a research with Monkeys. Jessica Fuller Brand Manager at Newell Brands Atlanta, GA. Jess Fuller. According to Dissanayake, These first visible traces of making a mark occurred long before one could speak of images but our ancestors eventually began to see their marks as images. Journal of Consciousness Studies 6:15-51. is usually housed in the museum of Ulm in Germany. In Preoccupations, Selected Prose, 1968 1978. Before going further into psychoanalytic views of imagination it will be useful for the present purpose of relating the arts and imagination to one another to return to the arts, specifically the example already mentioned, i.e. However, a solely neuroscientific view cannot explain the mystery of our imagination. The role of the instincts in Object Relations theory is central, as it is in Classical Freudian Psychoanalysis and this essay discusses some of them. I refer to a few of Kleins key concepts and essays and the classical Freudian ideas that inspired her. Christina Claire Anglin (age 34) is currently listed on 1814 Bennett St, Raleigh, 27604 North Carolina.She is a white woman, registered to vote in Wake county and affiliated with the Democrat Party since October 7 2016. mental and emotional growth, are thrust forward by the conflict of instincts. These ideas, published in The Missing Link (1989), were developed through his work with patients who feared catastrophe if they experienced a link between their parents. The best of what? Its bold upright position and detailed anatomical depiction from the navel to the alert pricked ears are clear evidence of the human capacity, not only to observe nature keenly, but to make intelligent use of the observations. It is entirely ineffable. The pivotal role of this is extensively explored in Target and Fonagys three articles on Playing with Reality. Included Work Kuspit, Donald B. (1997) What is Consciousness? He was involved in a project that offered psychoanalytic psychotherapy to extremely deprived children in social care. Likewise, whilst our psychoanalytic theories and insights may act like the stone tools our ancestor's hand used to make the Lion Man, in the end it is our capacity to imagine which brings about the ongoing and never ending process of interpretation and attribution of meaning and knowledge. In his role as a child psychiatrist, Britton was chair of the Department of Children and Parents at the Tavistock until he left the NHS in 1984. Bion addresses this process of transformation ([1965] 1991). How exciting to have stirred you all to such distaste (or boredom: same thing as distaste) for an idea. Bion, W. [1965] (1991) Transformations. there is always to some extent a degree of the artists' intent left unknown, unperceived or unrecognized - possibly even by the artist. The Lion Man itself was the first of the exhibits at the British Museum's exhibition, standing splendidly alone at the entrance, isolated from other exhibits, and apparently greeting arriving visitors. an interpretation, the raw material evoked within the emotional dynamics of the therapeutic relationship. In essence, it is the activity of imagining while we sleep which produces the dream, making insight, understanding, new thoughts and knowledge possible (Freud, 1905). This activity which Freud describes however, does not end with childhood but continues throughout our lives, beginning from birth.. Extending Winnicotts notion of Playing and Reality (Winnicott, 1986) by a change of wording to Playing with Reality they show how it is through play - in particular pretend in play and playful interactions - that the child is able to reflect on thoughts and feelings. Furthermore, imagination is often conflated with the concepts of phantasy and creativity. Realism was not the goal. With the onset of the Second World War the fragments were stored away in a museum cupboard for the duration. (1953, p. 96). This piece of art may have responded to. Melanie Klein (1928) 'Early Stages of the Oedipus Complex'. The Quest to understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain. At the same time, reducing the human epistemophilic instinct to its (partial) origins in childhood sexual- ity is a mistake. As a result, psychic reality is also subject to change. Psychic reality, with the Oedipus complex at its core, remains his primary interest. But what is and where is the Imagination in any modern model of the Mind? and How can we conceive of it in psychoanalytic terms? (p. 188) Klein (1948/1975) links phantasy explicitly to curiosity. Abel Hirsch, N. (2001) Ideas in Psychoanalysis, Eros. Freud, Klein (1930) and Bion (1962b) all emphasized the importance of the epistemophilic instinct in children, the innate desire of children to reach out and learn about the world. He gained a scholarship to Lancaster Royal Grammar School, after which he secured a place at University College London to study medicine, qualifying as a doctor at the age of 23. Found inside Page 29So the epistemophilic instinct and the desire to take possession come quite early to be most intimately connected with one another and at the same time with take a peek if you are bored and speaking of bored, not bored at all by this one. Beres, D. (1960) Perception, Imagination, and Reality. Their findings significantly enhance psychoanalytic understanding by exploring how it is achieved. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:L%C3%B6wenmensch#/media/File:Loewenmen sch1.jpg. Art from this perspective is not art for its own sake but a necessary tool to deal with life itself. It is this "intermediate area" of Winnicott which helps us to go outside the demands and strains of perceived reality and to use our imagination freely, in other words to play with ideas. The intention of what follows is to explore the way our capacity to imagine can transform by use of the arts the raw material of the emotionally sensed unknown to something known, to some real object although not necessarily to a physical image despite the common etymology of "image" and "imagination." E17 6LJ, British Medical Journal review of 'Between Mind and Brain' (2016). In other words imagination is an active and conscious mental process which uses the process of transformation to express what arises from conscious or unconscious phantasies into a form or an object which can then be received and understood. London: Karnac Books. Found inside Page 108This is exactly the same as Melanie Klein's notion of the epistemophilic instinct; she too thought that there was a drive Like Bion, he implicates an innate factor alongside maternal failure, called psychic atopia: a hypersensitivity to psychic differences, which Britton equates with K. The internal Oedipal triangle is also the stage on which Britton places the imagination. Revised version: International Journal of Psychoanalysis: 29:73-97 (1948). Found insideIn this model, the synergy between curiosity and imagination, epistemophilic instinct and unconscious phantasies, led to the formation of a symbol-making The word conveys contrasting implications both in English and I believe also in German. The use of the arts achieves this via transformation of feelings into a piece of art, whether this be a visual object, music, dance, poetry or prose. InBelief and Imagination(1998), he develops his ideas about truth and psychic reality. It is often conflated with phantasy. EPISTEMOPHILIA: "Epistemophilia is a love of knowledge and the impulse to inquire." Out of airy nothing something was created which may have bound people together and therefore assisted in the struggle for survival. Solms.M. London: The British Museum Press. It is a sculpture dating from the last Ice Age. Like all newly registered doctorsat the time, he was drafted into the Army under National Service, working in Germany as a Regimental Medical Officer to a Royal Tank Regiment in 1957. Found insideKlein developed the concept of the epistemophilic instinct further, describing the 'child's urge to knowledge' of mother's body and mind (1923, p. 435). It has a connotation of the imagination and creativity that underlie all thought and feeling, but it also has a connotation of make-believe, a daydream, something that is untrue by the standards of material reality. (2001, p. 362). Also considered is the potential influence on the infant of the confusion between the roles of his parents, and the apparent intense triggering of the infant's epistemophilic instinct Mac Gregor, N. (2018) Living with the Gods. It had a facet of reality because it could be looked at, perhaps touched, talked to or worshipped. Found inside Page 145So the epistemophilic instinct and the desire to take possession come quite early to be most intimately connected with one another , " she states.22 Freud Loewald, H.W. Notwithstanding the views of Bion, imagination as a mental function and process remains an on-going interest in psychoanalytic theory. Trevarthen, C. (2009) The intersubjective psychobiology of human meaning: Learning of culture depends on interest for co-operative practical work and affection for the joyful art of good company. The consideration of these activities demonstrates that imaginative work takes place as a constant and never ending intercourse between our internal life and the world around us, inherently making use of the arts, including in the practice of psychoanalysis. I have been lurking around here for a few days. The epistemophilic instinct in Carl Toth's photographs / by Donald Kuspit; Color plates; Biography. New York: Oxford University Press. Given the above-mentioned lack of a commonly-accepted psychoanalytic concept of imagination it is worth turning to the work of neuroscientists whose research specifically focuses on the function and effectiveness of the arts. Found insideThe helplessness and grievance associated with not knowing givesriseto both the epistemophilic instinct andtosadism. Like in The Lion Man is an example of artistic expression arising from the use of imagination. Found inside Page 99So the epistemophilic instinct and the desire to take possession come quite early to be most intimately connected with one another and at the same time with He continues, When we place our phantasies about events in this psychic other room we know we are imagining something. Freud makes a link here between the imaginative activity and playing, linking childs play to creativity and the arts. Seattle, USA: University of Washington Press. New York: Peter Lang Publishing. (1998, p.1). You may be right about my projection. Imagination, in particular imaginative use of the arts and the use of imagination in play, enables us to give shape to the outside world, making it understood and known and thus real. Having taken his Military Postgraduate Medical examinations, Britton chose tospecialiseinpsychiatry. In the transference it was necessary to work through the dissolution of the narcissistic organization illustrated best in the 'bird-woman' dream. What is imagined clearly cannot be shared without transforming it into something intelligible to others in some sense. She's nuttier than a bag of nuts with 'NUTS' written on the outside, sold by a clown dressed to resemble Salvador Dali, but that's what I like about psychoanalytic literature. INTRODUCTION Infancy is a time when we are without language and must rely on means other than words for communication. For Klein and Isaacs phantasy, conscious or unconscious, is inherent in all mental activity, psychic function and of course, mental growth (Isaacs 1952, Klein 1930). It showed how belief can take many forms, from religion to art, rituals, myths and story telling. 1998 Britton, R.Belief and Imagination. He writes. Christina Claire Anglin, 1814 Bennett St, Raleigh, 27604 NC. The latter is understood to be an ongoing complex psychic function which is necessary for the acquisition of knowledge and adaptation to reality. Freuds imagination, using many facets of the arts, i.e. A similar view to that of Goldman is held by Beres (1960). 1992 Britton, R.The Oedipus Situation and the Depressive Position, R. Anderson (ed.) Given this limitation it is not surprising that a review of the psychoanalytic literature finds no universal definition and, further, indicates that imagination has not been much explored as a psychoanalytic concept in its own right. So the epistemophilic instinct and the desire to take possession come quite early to be most intimately connected with one another and at the same time with the sense of guilt aroused by the incipient Oedipus conflict." Freud, S. (1905a) Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905) SE 7, 130243. It also intriguing that in "Transformations" Bion (1965 ) says nothing about imagination per se. It is nevertheless possible to elucidate the function of imagination. Arguably, it is poetry that inspired his most original contribution: his psychoanalytic understanding of the root of inspiration, the imagination. Found inside Page 46Freud referred to a Wissentrieb, an urge or drive to know, an 'instinct for knowledge' (1905, pp. 194197; 1913, p. 324) or an 'epistemophilic instinct' Freud, S. (1900) The Interpretation of Dreams. Fonagy, P. (1996) Playing with reality: II. 67-121. Freud called this Wissenstrieb. Long before Malcolm, the distinguished analyst Herman Nunberg (1931) also fell prey to the similar charm of simplicity. Hence, when looking at a piece of art, we are looking at a transformation of what the artist has done with his O. Phantasy is commonly considered to be inextricably intertwined with the unconscious and has long been a core concept of psychoanalytic thinking and practice. Solms, M. (2013) The Conscious Id. (2013) Ice Age Art: Arrival of the Modern Mind. Although what is searched for might not have been clearly perceived, touched or viscerally known beforehand, once imagination has made it possible to find it and thereby to know it, it has been called into existence. At the outset of this exploration the intention stated was to explore the way our capacity to imagine can transform the emotionally sensed unknown to the known by use of the arts. See curiosity. Found insideEpistemophilic instinct: while both Sigmund Freud (19161917) and Melanie Klein (1924) had linked 'epistemophilia' to sexual curiosity and sadistic intrusion Jennifer & Rachel naked. We therefore cannot differentiate between perception and reality because we do not know what lies behind the perception (Bion [1965] 1991; Solms 1997). Clinical Lectures on Klein and Bion. Psychoanalyst Melanie Klein identified three basic human instincts: the life instinct, the death instinct and the curiosity instinct or, for syllable lovers, the epistemophilic instinct. Nurture that last one, and ask as many (non-inane) questions as you can. Kandel, E.R. However, how we see ourselves and how we see others is subject to change because the process of imagination is fundamentally an ongoing process of interpretation and reinterpretation of what constitutes our sense of reality, beliefs and meaning. If we put this together with the idea that we imagine what imagination is, i.e. (1992) An Analysis of Ice Age Art. Found inside Page 72The early connection between the epistemophilic impulse and sadism is very important for the whole mental development. This instinct, roused by the striving She considers that True learning requires us to move to-and-fro between all three spheres, to recognize when the battle-hardened walls of denial obstructs us from moving forward, and to destruct those walls with our epistemophilic instinct. We must use these in combination with imagination and play. that the task of realityacceptance is never completed, that no human being is free from the strain of relating inner and outer reality, and that relief from this strain is provided by an intermediate area of experience which is not challenged (arts, religion, etc.) Meltzer (1978) says this is first expressed in the infant's curiosity about the mother's body including the imagined space inside it, this space being occupied by a variety of objects and contents. In acting as the medium through which the inchoate is made manifest the artist is able to transform that which springs from his otherwise inexpressible "O" into the expressed form of a piece of art. InBelief and Imagination (1998), he develops his ideas about truth and psychic reality. Of course there are probably millions of them out there & I haven't seen them all. Furthermore, not only does imagination give access to the meaning of an airy nothing, but that meaning can then be symbolized through artistic expression. The parents verbal and non-verbal behaviour in dealing with the infant becomes a multimedia show by a skilled performance artist. It was at the top of the food chain and hence a formidable threat to ice age hunters. She artistically and imaginatively turns her face and her voice into a compelling object of interest. "The early connection between the epistemophilic impulse [cf. Sign up with your email address to receive the latest issues and news. Whilst it has its roots in phantasy, imaginative thought is where the capacity to manufacture or represent our world meets up with reality. Found inside Page 7To accept and benefit from the epistemophilic instinct, infants have to accept the first truth the fact that their parents have given birth to them. The capacity to manufacture or represent our world is indeed a vital function of imagination because we cannot really know external reality. The brainstem is the font of consciousness. Others regard imagination as rooted in neurobiology where the focus is solely on the function of the brain which is seen as having the primary task of the acquisition of knowledge. M. Klein et al. The arts, in concert with ritual ceremonies, play, laughter, storytelling, synchronized movement, and the sharing of self-transcendent, ecstatic emotions, are no less evolutionarily salient and intrinsic to our humanness than individual conflicts of interest (1995 p.12). Zeki, S. (1999). It is impossible to know reality for the same reason that makes it impossible to sing potatoes;. Bion, W. [1962b] (1984) Learning from Experience. i did an illo friday comic - tried comic format in honor of mr. prozac. This is required for reality testing and depends upon the toleration of an internal version of the Oedipus complex. Britton, R. (1998) Belief and Imagination. He began his training at the Institute of Psychoanalysis,London, qualifying as a member of theBritish Psychoanalytical Societyin 1979. This conflation arises from the fact that psychoanalytic concepts cannot be indubitable, timeless and universal because of the subject matter they are dealing with. Should we not look for the first traces of imaginative activity as early as in childhood? Britton is a training and supervising analyst with the British Psychoanalytical Society. What am I being compared to? As a tentative and unstable resolution to gender and sexuality non-conformity, the Epistemophilic resolution operates as a masquerade (after Riviere, 1986) 21. Epistemophilic is an adjectif from the noun Epistemophilia 22. Knowing [the scopophilic and Epistemophilic instinct] . 23. Found inside Page 47The epistemophilic instinct leading to a hatred of those who speak foreign tongues ' According to Klein , the epistemophilic instinct , the desire to know Imaginative work is an intercourse between ones internal and external worlds (2001, p. 55). This process is particularly essential when words alone cannot sufficiently express and communicate what it is that needs to be communicated. The Oedipus Complex Today: Clinical Implications. This leads us on to considering inter-relationships between imagination and play, a topic which would deserve a paper on its own. When pretending, we are our own authors, directors and actors, accessing with pleasure the multiplicity of our imaginary worlds (1993 p.66). Without imagination, reality is only sensed and experienced; with imagination, reality becomes an object of awareness. Goldman, D. (2017) A Beholders Share. He considers belief to be a component of the The mother knows that her baby does not understand the words she is saying but nevertheless believes that she is received and understood emotionally by her child. He proposes that it is belief that confers the status of reality on phantasies and ideas, which are then treated as facts. Perhaps this upright lionhuman was imagined as having the physical power of the cave lion with the mental and emotional power of humans, the best of both worlds so to speak. He continues, imagination sculpts distinctive unconscious objects and narratives. (p.25). As he describes it, he was looking at whether monkeys had an inherent wish to learn (an epistemophilic instinct) or if they were mainly guided by a reward system. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 77:459-79. Stern, D. N. (1985) The Interpersonal World of the Infant. Throughout his body of work, Britton emphasises the Oedipus complex as the basis of psychic reality, and the clinical relevance of defences against awareness of this, including Oedipal illusions. Oppenheim claims that The death of imagination, synonymous with life, is unimaginable. Most of the cortex, the Freudian Ego, is unconscious Now let's turn to the 7 Pankseppian Affective Drives. The object represents neither man nor cave lion, nor does it represent any other known creature such as a bison or a mammoth. Bion, W. [1962a] (1987) A theory of thinking. The childs best-loved and most intense occupation is with his play or games [das Spiel]. Second, the extension of Klein's ideas about the epistemophilic instinct, on symbolism, and about projective identification is described in the work of Segal, Bion, Money-Kyrle, and Bick on the development of the capacity to think. Barry's words are evocative of the enigmatic nature of our imagination. Winnicott. It remains entirely ineffable and never seen. These few months of learning enrolled me to do just that. (Fonagy, P. and Target, M. 1996, 2000; Target, M. and. It is vital for the playing child that the meaning of the pretend in his play and its correspondence with reality remains unexamined. Images are not formed ex nihilo, but are generated from other images and, in this sense reality is not fixed but expansive in measure relative to ones capacity for openness, receptivity and responsivity (2013, p.40). Specifically he does not mention it as the driver of the artistic effort, the process of transformation of an "O" to an object of art. Found inside Page 68She considered the impulse to search for knowledge ( epistemophilia ) so fundamental that up till 1934 she used the term ' epistemophilic instinct ' . Found inside Page 153Klein herself observes that 'the epistemophilic impulse aris[es] and coexist[s] with sadism', and 'the epistemophilic instinct and the desire to take not that i read those.and um, my apricot (was a peach). At the other extreme from the Lion Man in every way, conceptually, date of creation and even in its physical location at the exit of the exhibition is a creation of the American conceptual artist, Robert Barry. He initially studied neurology at Queen Square Neurology Hospital, then undertook placements at various psychiatric hospitals before working in the child psychiatry department of the Maudsley Hospital in south London. We use cookies to remember these for your next visit. Target, M. &. Although these different viewpoints cannot really be reconciled, it seems safe to conclude that, while imagination emanates from the wellspring of our unconscious phantasy, when driven by emotional awareness and fuelled by the epistemophilic instinct it becomes a conscious and active process in its own right. Found insideThe early connection between the epistemophilic impulse and sadism is very important for the whole mental development. This instinct, roused by At the same time her voice changes and becomes soft and high pitched, quite musical, clear and often rhythmic and repetitive. While we may sense what the artist attempted to communicate with his transformation, we can never really know. Brittons major contributions have been drawn together in two books. It was displayed in the British Museums exhibition Living with Gods, peoples, places and worlds beyond from 2nd November 2017 to 8th April 2018 where it was one of two items of particular relevance to the present considerations. Found inside Page 272 Freud very briefly discusses the epistemophilic instinct ( rarely mentioned in connecting looking and knowing , scopophilia and epistemophilia the Maresfield Reprints, London: Karnac Books. imagination is a complex psychic function, itself the resultant of a group of ego functions, that enters into all aspects of human psychic activity normal mentation, pathological processes, and artistic creativity (p.327).

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