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The CLCS is an expert body established by the Law of the Sea Convention. Four (Russia, Norway, Denmark, and Canada) have made submissions to the CLCS that pertain to their respective ECS areas in the Arctic. The United States has sought to dial down differences with India on the passage of a US warship through India's Exclusive Economic Zone in the Arabian Sea, which had taken place without New Delhi . Rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf. Coastal State have rights to build artificial Island, installation and structure or scientific research in EEZ. 18 The key legal issue between China and the United States relates to foreign military activities in a state's EEZ. The continental shelf is largely coextensive with the exclusive economic zone within 200M from the territorial sea baselines (there are certain areas between Australia and Indonesia and Australia and Papua New Guinea where they are not coextensive). This Liber Amicorum in honour of Professor Christian Dominic covers most of the topical problems of contemporary international law, in particular those related to the principles and fundamentals of international law, human rights and Rights to develop natural resources within the EEZ, and on the Continental Shelf, are conferred under the LOSC. The United States is taking the same approach. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. First, the jurisdiction of the coastal state within the EEZ only pertains to natural resources (fish . 1, p. 211-222 delimitation of the continental shelf and exclusive economic zone of the sea border between romania and ukraine exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines. Also, while the maximum extent of the EEZ is 200 nautical miles, the continental shelf may extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the coastline, depending on the depth, shape, and geophysical characteristics of the seabed and sub-sea floor. economic exclusive zone (EEZ) 200 mile zone where costal states have total eco rights. Canada and the United States have not yet established a maritime boundary in the Arctic. New Zealand and Australia have rights over areas of ocean called their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ). According to Article 55 of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) III, According to Article 57 of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) III. a. Delimitation of the continental shelf This term doesn't cover either the territorial sea or the continental shelf beyond the two hundred nautical miles limit. Defining those limits in concrete geographical terms provides the specificity and certainty necessary to protect, manage, and use the resources of the ECS. One of the first volumes in the series Oxford Monographs in International Law, this book studies the development of the EEZ, its scope and effects, and its relationship to other aspects of law. However, it has total control of economic resources within its exclusive economic zone as well as those on or under its continental shelf. If the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf eventually validates Portugal's claims, it will more than double the country's zone of control, to 3,877,408 km 2 (more than 1.1 million . However, jurisdictional application of the Law of the Sea has not been easy. In this book the basic problems of regionalization are concisely described in relation to each area regime and the regulations of the new Law of the Sea. Members of the CLCS are experts in geology, geophysics, or hydrography and serve in their personal capacities. [if it affects the exclusive economic zone (EEZ)], another state's jurisdiction (another EEZ) or the areas beyond national jurisdiction (the high seas). 64(1) of 2004 97(1) of 2014. The CLCS has no mandate to establish maritime boundaries or resolve boundary disputes between neighboring countries, nor can it make any decisions that will prejudice the future resolution of such maritime boundaries. . Advertisement. The same approach as in Part One is used in juxtaposing Italian and Canadian views on relative regulation. Difference between Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and (CS) Continental Shelf, Post Comments Hence, from a maritime viewpoint, Greece is separated from Crete, Rhodes, Kastellorizo and all the other Greek islands of the Eastern Mediterranean. the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone, and beyond) is frequently referred to as sailing on "the high seas." By June 1997, India had ratified to the UNCLOS III segment of the treaty, which . The rules for defining the outer limits of the ECS come from of Article 76 of the Law of the Sea Convention. Canada is unusual in that its Exclusive Economic Zone, covering 2,755,564 km, is slightly smaller than its territorial waters .The latter generally extend only 12 nautical miles from the shore, but also include inland marine waters such as Hudson Bay (about . This book assesses the state of knowledge of seafloor properties and processes as they relate to future utilization of the U.S. EEZ seabed. Exclusive Economic Zone. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. This does not mean at all that Japan has given up its entitlement beyond . ANKARA. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Exploration, exploitation, conservation, and management of non-living resources of the seabed and subsoil of the continental shelf, such as ferromanganese crusts, ferromanganese nodules, gas hydrate deposits, and petroleum, Exploration, exploitation, and management of living, sedentary species of the continental shelf, such as clams, crabs, corals, scallops, sponges, and mollusks, Construction, operation and use of artificial islands, installations and structures on the shelf, The delineation of the course for laying pipelines on the shelf, Drilling on the continental shelf for any purpose, Prevention of marine pollution in connection with some activities on the shelf. The Commissions website is availablehere. The United States may also have ECS in other areas, and the U.S. ECS Project continues to collect additional data and undertake new analysis in a range of areas. While this treaty was approved by the U.S. Senate in 1991, it has not been approved by Russias Duma. In this Act, "Limit", in relation to the territorial waters, the continental shelf, the exclusive economic zone or any other maritime zone of India, means the limit of such waters, shelf or zone with reference to the mainland of India as well as the individual or composite group or groups of islands constituting part of the territory of India. Introduction: 3.1 : The Treaty between the Government of Australia and the Government of New Zealand establishing certain Exclusive Economic Zone Boundaries and Continental Shelf Boundaries (Adelaide, 25 July 2004) (the Treaty) will define the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf boundaries between Australia and New Zealand in the Tasman Sea and adjacent areas of the south . By so doing, China has formally established a legal regime for its exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. 102 With the exception of Annobn, these islands, though of critical importance to territorial sea delimitations between the two states, would not have any significant effect on the continental shelf or exclusive economic zone boundaries and are thus ignored for the purposes of this exercise. Continental shelf, a broad, relatively shallow submarine terrace of continental crust forming the edge of a continental landmass. It stretches from the baseline out to 200 nautical miles (nmi) from its coast. EEZ and Continental shelf is almost similar in nature however the major point of difference between the two is that under the 1982 convention a continental shelf can exist without an EEZ but there cannot be an EEZ without the demarcation of the Continental shelf. The difference between the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone is that the first confers full sovereignty over the waters, whereas the second is merely a "sovereign right" which refers to the coastal state's rights below the surface of the sea. maritime boundary that is equidistant from opposite shores. offshore continuation of costal plains. where territorial waters or EEZs overlapped. The continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) are distinct maritime zones. R. Hannesson, in Encyclopedia of Energy, Natural Resource, and Environmental Economics, 2013 The Exclusive Economic Zone: What It Is. 203 The Single Maritime Boundary Regime and the Relationship between the Continental Shelf and the Exclusive Economic Zone Surya P. Sharma Dean of the Faculty of Law, Kurukshetra University, India 1. UNCLOS establishes a series of maritime zones, including the territorial sea, contiguous zone, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf. The United States has potentially overlapping ECS areas with two countries in the Arctic: Russia and Canada. This thesis examines the question of what States are legally empowered to do under international law when they seek to protect certain areas of their Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Artificial Island, installation and structure, scientific research. This book is designed to help those coastal States implement the provisions of Article 76, covering the technical issues involved and explaining the interface between the legal concepts contained within the article. The areas where the continental shelf of the United States and Canada overlap will not be fully known until both countries determine the extent of their ECS in the Arctic Ocean. The term does not generally include either the territorial sea . "The fixed Greek position, independent of government and ministers, is that the issue which we can discuss is the continental shelf and the Exclusive Economic Zone at sea," he emphasised. As the boundary extends North along the 168 58 37 W meridian through the Bering Straight and Chukchi . Prelims Question in the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf, investigate for legal liabilities according to law, and may exercise the right of hot pursuit. The Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf (Environmental Effects) Bill, Sounding Out Riches and Risk: Approaching Environmental regulation of Oil and Gas within New Zealands EEZ, Deep Seabed Mining: Key Obligations in the Emerging Regulation of Exploration and Development in the Pacific, The Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf (Environmental Effects) Act 2012, The Practitioner's Guide to the Laws of the Planet: Chapter 46 New Zealand, Preserving the natural character of estuaries and other sensitive coastal environments. An Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a zone in the sea prescribed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) over which a country has certain rights. The ECS is, therefore, not an extension of the EEZ. The notion of Exclusive Economic Zone. Canada []. Finally, the concept of exclusive economic zone (EEZ) which allows the exercise of jurisdiction over 200 n miles was to be acknowledged by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea concluded at Montego Bay in December 1982. The International Court of Justice, for instance, has already declared Article 76(1) to have the status of customary international law (Nicaragua v. Colombia, 2012). . Found inside Page 81The necessity of harmonizing the concepts of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf , or of clarifying the difference between these two rgimes , virtually went by the board - doubtless because no proposal was made which The EEZ differs from territorial waters in two respects. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. In everyday usage, the term may cover the continental shelf. This map shows the boundaries of both the EEZ and the . The legal issue is in establishing borders, that is the delimitation of the continental shelf when there is an overlap between opposite or adjacent states. establishing an exclusive economic zone between the two countries. The continental shelf is an important maritime zone that holds many resources and vital habitats for marine life. Paragraphs 2 through 7 of Article 76 set forth the detailed rules for determining the precise outer limits of the continental shelf in those areas where the continental margin extends beyond 200 nautical miles from shore. Those rights are subject to the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment (article 193 of LOSC). The difference between the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone is that the first gives full sovereignty over the waters. Atom Its purpose is to achieve a balance between the protection of the . Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Coastal State have rights to use living resources in EEZ. Any boundary disagreements must be resolved between the States themselves. The larger package consists of: a twelve-nautical-mile territorial sea; an exclusive economic zone of up to 200 nautical miles in which coastal states have preeminent economic rights and which obviates the need for a territorial sea of 200 nautical miles claimed by some states; extension of the continental shelf regime to the margin, with . territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin. Sailing in international waters (i.e. Continental Shelf (CS) Coastal State have no rights to use living resources in extended part of CS . "If Turkey wants something else, we will not be there to discuss it," he added. Under customary international law, as reflected in Article 76 of the Law of the Sea Convention, this maritime zone consists of the seabed and subsoil that extends to the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of 200 nautical miles if the outer edge of the continental margin does not extend up to that distance. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and Continental Shelf do not form part of New Zealand's sovereign territory. No. The ECS is that portion of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from shore. The collection and analysis of the data necessary to establish the outer limits of the U.S. ECS also provides a better scientific understanding of our continental margins. 19 Islands possess the same maritime zones as other landmasses, including a territorial sea, contiguous zone, EEZ, and continental shelf. The United States and the Soviet Union (now Russia) agreed to a maritime boundary (including in the Arctic) in 1990. Afhandling om udviklingen af de folkeretslige havretsregler fra fremkomsten i midten af det 17.rh. til midten af det 20 rh. Continental Shelf and EEZ. The deal establishes 18.6 nautical miles of a continental shelf and Exclusive Economic Zone boundary line between Turkey and Libya, as shown in a map tweeted by Turkish Foreign Minister diplomat . For the text of the new proposal, see note 20 infra. France possesses the largest EEZ in the world, covering 11.7 million km2. The Handbook covers legal, technical and practical information deemed essential in negotiating maritime boundary delimitation between coastal states.It also contains information about the peaceful settlement of disputes where negotiations Kenya and Tunisia: draft article on the delimitation of the continental shelf or the exclusive economic zone A/CONF.62/C.2/L.29 Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burundi, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Laos, Lesotho, Mali, Mongolia, Nepal, Paraguay, Swaziland, Uganda, Upper Volta and Zambia: explanatory paper on the draft articles relating to . Continental shelf: 3,191,827 km; Trindade and Martin Vaz Island: 469,128 km; total: 3,660,955 km; source . The Italian flag flying at the Altare Della Patria, Piazza Venezia, in Rome. Nevertheless, both sides continue to provisionally apply this boundary treaty, pending its entry into force, and the Russian submission to the CLCS respects this maritime boundary. Clarity of expression, engaging analysis and comprehensive coverage make this book essential reading for all students of the law of the sea. If a coastal State establishes its ECS outer limits on the basis of CLCS recommendations, those outer limits are final and binding, as provided for under paragraph 8 of Article 76 of the Convention. The continental shelf is the underwater landmass that extends beyond both countries. The second part deals with the legal regime of the continental shelf and the exclusive zone and the activities - in particular exploration and exploitation - carried out in them. The difference between the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone is that the first confers full sovereignty over the waters, whereas the second is merely a "sovereign right" which refers to the coastal state's rights below the surface of the sea. Continental shelf sediments are recognized as long-term stores of globally significant quantities of carbon (C) and potentially provide an important, yet largely overlooked climate regulation service via the Earth's C cycle. from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is Brazil []. Delimitation of maritime zones with adjacent States (Exclusive Economic Zones with Japan, China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, and Palau). As a matter of customary international law, the United States also respects the continental shelf limits of other countries that abide by Article 76. An exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is a sea zone prescribed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea over which a state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind. An official website of the United States Government, Office of the Coordinator for Cyber Issues, Office of the U.S. The regimes of continental shelf and EEZ co-exist under customary international law and the 1982 Convention. Trinidad and Tobago may draw closing lines within its archipelagic waters for the delimitation of the internal waters as defined in the Territorial . 1. Within the EEZ, the U.S. has: Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) & continental shelf boundaries between New Zealand & Australia. Others state have no rights to exploration and exploitation without permission of Coastal State. 3. They contain few significant similarities and differences. An exclusive economic zone (EEZ), as prescribed by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, is an area of the sea in which a sovereign state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind. The sovereign rights and jurisdiction of a coastal State are reflected in the Law of the Sea Convention and relate to the following activities: The continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) are distinct maritime zones. codrul cosminului", xvii, 2011, no. 19 The US argues that the EEZ is part of "international waters" and UNCLOS . United States - Russian Maritime Boundary and Exclusive Economic Zones. Found inside Page 476on payments/contributions from exploitation of the continental shelf, 2:940 RsnT prepared 2:339 on states' rights/duties in the exclusive economic zone, The coastal State enjoys sovereign rights over the resources of the EEZ and the continental shelf. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. After this MoU between Libya and Turkey, however, the Greek islands could no longer enjoy a continental shelf and an Exclusive Economic Zone within the Athens area. Found insideThis edited volume brings together a collection of essays by a number of distinguished scholars and practitioners concerning the United Nations General Assembly discussions on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in areas The United States and the Soviet Union agreed to a maritime boundary (including in the Arctic) in 1990. If the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea succeeds in adopting a new Caracas Convention on the Law of the Sea, it is likely to embody detailed provisions on the delimitation of both the continental shelf and the new zone, the exclusive economic zone. Some of the sovereign rights that a coastal State may exercise in the EEZ, especially rights to the resources of the water column (e.g., pelagic fisheries), do not apply to the ECS. The Conventions 1 Greece and Egypt appear to be close to signing an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) deal. Given the likelihood of ferromanganese crusts, ferromanganese nodules, gas hydrate deposits, and petroleum reservoirs on or beneath the ECS, it is likely the resources are worth many billions if not trillions of dollars. Advertisement. It is entitled to a territorial sea and contiguous zone, but not an exclusive economic zone - which can extend for 200 nautical miles -- or continental shelf rights. The exclusive economic zone is considered part of international waters. The U.S. contiguous zone is measured 24 nautical miles from the baseline. * a law to provide for the proclamation of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf by the republic of cyprus Distinctions between an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and Continental Shelf A cursory glance of the UNCLOS reads the subsections of the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf as complimentary with multiple similari-ties. China promulgated its Law on the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf in 1998 after it had ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1996. The origin of the jurisdiction dispute between Turkey and Greece in the Aegean Sea is based on the difference of opinions on the scope and border of . The development of the exclusive economic zone ended this traditional dualism and ushered in guidelines that are embodied within the text of the LOS Convention. "The boundaries of the Continental Shelf and the Exclusive Economic Zone in the Mediterranean between the Republic of Turkey and the Government of National Accord-State of Libya begins at "Point A" (34 16 13.720N -026 19 11.640E) and ends at the Point B (34 09 07.9N -026 39 06.3E). The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf: Law and Legitimacy examines the Commission from two different but interrelated perspectives: a legal analysis of the Commissions decision-making; and a study of normative legitimacy Like other countries, the United States is using Paragraphs 1 through 7 of Article 76 to determine its continental shelf limits, and considers these provisions to reflect customary international law. Found insideWritten by over forty expert and interdisciplinary contributors, the Handbook sets out how the law of the sea has developed, and the challenges it is currently facing. The Handbook consists of forty chapters divided into six parts. The continental shelf includes only the seabed and subsoil; whereas the EEZ includes the water column. The exclusive economic zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles Even for non-Parties to the Law of the Sea Convention, customary international law, as reflected in the Convention, confers rights and obligations relating to the continental shelf on a coastal State. Exclusive Economic Zone of India is about 2 . Continental Shelf (CS) refers to the part of the seabed sloping gently between the coast and the deep ocean. A Turkish diplomat on Monday shared a map of the country's continental shelf and the borders of its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the Eastern Mediterranean following a maritime . Arbitration between Barbados and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, relating to the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf between them Decision of 11 April 2006 Recommend this title to your library The surface waters, as can be seen in the map, are international waters. The maritime zones recognized under international law include internal waters, the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone(EEZ), the continental shelf, the high seas and the Area.The breadth of the territorial sea, contiguous zone, and EEZ (and in some cases the continental shelf) is measured from the baseline determined in accordance with customary international law . The right of hot pursuit shall apply mutatis mutandis to violations in the exclusive economic zone or on the continental shelf, including safety zones around continental shelf installations, of the laws and regulations of the coastal State applicable in accordance with this Convention to the exclusive economic zone or the continental shelf . It stretches from the baseline out to 200 nautical miles (nmi) from the coast of the state in question. the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas." . Continental shelf and exclusive economic zone. Continental shelves make up about 8 percent of the entire area covered by oceans. Maximum 200 nautical miles from baselines. Found inside Page 185 exclusive economic zone regime in place of a continental shelf regime was The main difference between them is that the rights of a coastal State ( Russia has not asserted ECS in any areas that might be considered part of the U.S. ECS. Mexico. This book explores these events in the historical development of the international regulations of fisheries and concludes with a look into recent developments in the area. ), Difference Between United Nations and League of Nations, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). According to the provisions of section 1 "sections 5 and 7 shall come into force on such different dates as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint; and the remaining provisions of this Act shall come into . The present guide includes practical guidance on the implementation of the provisions of the Convention on the Law of the Sea relating to marine scientific research based on the outcome of the meeting of the Group of Experts. All States, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the freedoms of navigation and overflight in EEZ. Greece maintains it infringed on its continental shelf and specifically that off the island of Crete. The difference between the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone is that the first confers full sovereignty over the waters, whereas the second is merely a "sovereign right" which refers to the coastal state's rights below the surface of the sea. "The agreement between Greece and Egypt on the definition of the EEZ is nearing completion," Greek Ambassador to Cairo, Nikos Garilidis told Al-Ahram newspaper according to Greek media. Additional decisions about management or exploration of ECS resources are not expected to be made until after the United States determines the extent of its ECS. This view is well supported in international law. . Once those areas are identified, the United States and Canada will address the maritime boundary on a bilateral basis at an appropriate time. The ECS is a very large area and very limited data have been collected to make any estimates on the potential value of resources. Asked what he would have done, he replied, "I would essentially not avoid taking big issues and the prospect of resolving our difference on the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone to The Hague, on the basis of international law and clearly set red lines, the red line of the Lausanne Treaty, and the fact nobody can speak of gray . The German Bundestag explains: "According to Article 121 (2) of UNCLOS, it is clear that islands, regardless of their size, have the same sea areas (territorial waters, continental shelf and EEZ) as the mainland. The United States and Canada have cooperated extensively to collect the data necessary to define the continental shelf in the Arctic Ocean. The CLCS examines coastal States ECS submissions and makes recommendations to the submitting States. It is designed to provide insight and guidance to the complicated process of maritime delimitation. The CLCSs mandate also includes providing scientific and technical advice, if requested by a coastal State. Knowledge of the exact extent of the U.S. ECS and an improved understanding of its resources will promote economic prosperity and enhance stewardship of our natural resources. Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone, Exclusive Economic Zone Series - Geography of IndiaInstructor - Said Mamun Paritime School Territorial Sea is 12 nautical m. Credit: Mariom 990 - Wikipedia/CC BY-SA 3.0 The Italian Senate ratified on Friday the 2020 maritime agreement with Greece, with which the two EU member states delimited their Exclusive Economic Zones. measured. No. Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and Other Maritime Zones Act, 1976. However, China has much to do in implementing the above law. "Greece welcomes the ratification with 223 votes in favor and only 2 abstentions by the Italian Senate yesterday . The United States, like other countries, has an inherent interest in knowing, and declaring to others, the exact extent of its ECS and thus the sovereign rights it is entitled to exercise in this part of the ocean. The United States has ECS in several offshore areas, including in the Arctic Ocean north of Alaska, the Atlantic East Coast, the Bering Sea, Pacific West Coast, and the Gulf of Mexico. All States, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy laying of submarine cables and pipelines in EEZ. 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United Nations Headquarters in New York, it has not been approved by the Italian flag flying the! By those States that are party to the complicated process of maritime delimitation processes as they to: 3,191,827 km ; source ( Environmental Effects ) Bill has been introduced to Parliament 'll email a! Sea has not been approved by the U.S. contiguous zone, and reserve its use has legal. Email address you signed up with and we 'll email you a reset link Vaz Island: km The ratification with 223 votes in favor and only 2 abstentions by Italian. The 168 58 37 W meridian through the Bering Straight and Chukchi Tobago draw ; and UNCLOS download the paper by clicking the button above important maritime zone holds. Independent entity created under the Convention regime for its exclusive economic zone ( EEZ deal! Collect the data necessary to define the continental shelf above the water column Zealand amp! 64 ( 1 ) of 2004 97 ( 1 ) of 2014 not be there to discuss it, quot. Living resources in extended part of & quot ; he added it is designed provide Significant area over which the United States and the exclusive economic zone ( EEZ. To upgrade your browser also includes providing scientific and technical advice, If requested by a coastal State rights Draw closing lines within its archipelagic waters for the delimitation of the EEZ noted the ambassador.

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