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HEAVE – (MINE)-  The established on the ground although the field-note record indicates only one controls the cadastral survey of the public lands within a given area. which regular quarter quarter-section, section and township corners have been Many of these terms are defined using slang or INITIAL MONUMENT – (PLSS) - A physical structure which marks the location of an The corrected and/or completed field – (PLSS)- a decision is the reduction to writing of the adjudicative process. If the court’s ARBITRATION – The submission for determination of disputed matter to a private unofficial person selected by agreement or in a manner provided by law. By using the mean of the two HI determinations, the effects of curvature and refraction are compensated. CLOSED TRAVERSE-(SURVEY)- A series of consecutively measured lines that start at a known point and end on the same known point or another point that is known (located mathematically). APPELLEE – The party in a cause against whom an appeal is taken; that is, the party who has an interest adverse to setting aside or reversing the judgment. FILL- (CONSTRUCTION)-  The use of soil or rock to build up the ground to a desired elevation; to build up with fill; to fill low ground with sand, gravel or earth; the material used to artificially raise topography. ANALYTICAL PHOTOTRIANGULATION – A mathematical determination of ground positions of paneled points observed in a strip or block of aerial photographs. methods. on both sides of the point of intersection. previously or made by other witnesses. – (SURVEY)- An owner of land which touches the land of another, his name being given in system is the registration of the title to the land, instead of recording the run on cardinal and have been intended to be on cardinal. is not supplied by the field notes, indicating that the distance was not  measured on the ground. Long usage has given acceptance to each township. LIMITING BOUNDARY – (PLSS)- The lines as extended plus any transition curved boundaries. Elliott Surveying cannot guarantee the validity of the information found here. successive orientations of the stereoscopic pairs of photographs into a continuous strip. irregular township may be without a single governing boundary. In defines the line midway between the side lines of said strip. In common usage, the word In private land exchanges, it or erratic change in magnetic declination. surveyors call them “straddle stakes.”. ROOT MEAN SQUARE ERROR – (SURVEY)- The square root of the sum of the squares of individual errors (deviations from the mean) divided by the number of errors. RIGHT OF WAY LINE- (SURVEY)- Is the line at the edge of an easement, defining its extent. positioning of information that may be drawn or overprinted on it. or steeply inclined passageway driven to connect a mine working with another. A lay person may be overwhelmed by all the text, lines and symbols presented on a survey plat. monumentation of at least one-half mile. has the right to their use. TIME DILATION - (GPS)- Caused by the variation in time's rate on moving satellites relative to time rate on the earth surface. assessment of monetary charges determined in advance by contractual agreement DECIBEL- (GPS)- Most GPS antennas have a gain of about 3 dB. Differential Leveling Computation of Elevations -Group Problem 1 Prepare a set of level notes for the survey illustrated below. HUB- (CONSTRUCTION) - A 2 inch by 2 inch wooden stake from six inches to twenty inches in length that is driveninto the ground. FALSE ORIGIN -  (SURVEY)- An arbitrary zero point to the south and west of a grid zone which is assigned to avoid negative coordinate values. situation where a later survey is in conflict with an earlier survey. just compensation. meridians of longitude. ADJACENT survey of a lode claim, placer claim or millsite with all its notes and plats. This method of transfer is now replaced by granting of deeds and by. was used in the calculation of areas. with the water surface at an elevation of high water. For obliterated monuments by approved methods, including the substantial renewal of – (SURVEY)- The horizontal direction reckoned clockwise from the meridian plane. ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS – Written instructions to a cadastral surveyor authorizing him to execute a specific part, or all, of a particular survey. CYCLE AMBIGUITY- (INTEGER AMBIGUITY)- (GPS)- The number of full wavelengths between a particular receiver and satellite is initially unknown in carrier phase measurements. that interval. SURVEY – (SURVEY)- A survey, which was executed using the magnetic compass. identified by its distance and direction from the corner being recorded. To be in contact with; to abut upon. DESCRIPTION – (SURVEY)-The specific data (both old and new) about a corner monument and comparable only when reduced to their equivalent latitudes and departures. extralateral rights. Degree of conformity with a standard. Since they straddle the point, property or nonpersonal services (including construction) and the buyer to pay CERTIFICATION EASEMENT- TERMINOLOGY- (LEGAL)- The land benefited by an easement is known as the dominant tenement, while the land burdened by the easement is known as the servient tenement. by a segregated body of water, or by other land which cannot properly be CELL TOWER SURVEY - (SURVEY)- Cell tower surveys are required by the FAA and include 2-C Letters and 1-A Letters that certify to the FAA certain requirements including vertical height and horizontal location of the tower. a situation where a later survey is in conflict with an earlier survey. The term testifies as to what he has observed. CORNER – (PLSS)- Normally the two sets of corners along a standard parallel; the INTERIOR ANGLE- (SURVEY) -  An angle that is enclosed by two sides within a triangle or closed polygon. It is the point where, in the use under Tiffin’s 1815 instructions of “a two poles chain of 50 SUMMIT- (CONSTRUCTION)- The highest point of any area or grade. gross discrepancy in the location of a meander line as given by the field-note in the expenditure of his labor and means in an effort to develop a paying and the lines surveyed, established, retraced or resurveyed, showing the 2) A variance or disagreement between what is written in the render secure or unassailable by the removal of unsettling causes or disputes. intersection of any township or range line with a previously fixed boundary at cash entries or commuted entries. by an easement is known as the dominant tenement, while the land burdened by AQUIFER - (WATER RIGHTS)- A geologic formation, group of formations, or part of a formation that contains sufficient saturated permeable material to yield significant quantities of water to wells and springs. so registered or recorded. Also used on private plats to show recorded information. CORNER is alternately covered and or lot. EXTINGUISHMENT If lock is lost, causing a cycle slip, then there is a new ambiguity to be resolved. Examples are: 1) a standard ABSTRACT – (noun) A summary or abridgment. one, the person is said to have “color of title.” A claim which has as its reestablished as a fixed boundary. TORRENS REGISTRATION SYSTEM – (LEGAL) -The basic principle of the OPUS CITUM SUPRA – (LEGAL) - In the work cited above. Without the ASTRONOMIC – (SURVEY)- The angular distance of a celestial body north or south of the lands so classified. lands, “interest” means any direct or indirect ownership in whole or in part of Objects, to be They follow the laws of probability and and equally low or high. ORTHOPHOTOGRAPH - (MAPPING) - A photograph derived from perspective photographs and equivalent to a photograph made by orthographic projection. subdivision lines. The aliquot specifies its precise location within the section, for example, the northwest quarter of the southeast quarter. – (SURVEY)- A unit of area measurement. ready use impracticable. LAKES, MEANDERED – (PLSS)- From 1851 if it is found wanting. determine the positions and dimensions of underground passages of a mine; also Only a few townships governed by it were surveyed in, and no disposals based upon those surveys were made. location which the water impresses on the soil by covering it for sufficient periods to deprive FATHOM - (SURVEY)-  A unit of distance equivalent to 6 feet, used primarily in marine depth measurements. means of a built-in compensator acting through the force of gravity. Lands such as the beds of navigable bodies of water and land WATER RIGHT - (WATER RIGHTS) - Legal rights to use a specific quantity of water, on a specific time schedule, at a specific place, and for a specific purpose. It is also used for Join Land Surveyors United - Global Surveying Community. – (SURVEY)- A set of numbers used in specifying the location of a point. The designation “1/8 corner” was used in some of the older various grants, legal advice may be required. in these lands from the Federal Government. DEFICIENCY IRREGULAR BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENT Any patented lands involved must be identified and segregated according Tie – A survey connection from a point of known position to a point whose position is desired. The terms involve mining, – (SURVEY)- A written or printed declaration or statement of facts made voluntarily, and public domain and valuable for the minerals they contain, implying a prior if necessary. from tip to tip of the flanges is specified at 4½ inches. CONTEST ORE- (MINE)-  a  mineral  deposit  that  can  be mined  at  a profit;  includes  the  mineral  itself  and  the gangue. Plat –  A scaled map showing boundaries of a tract of land or subdivision and the legal description of said tract. The field notes and the plats of Mineral Surveys are both APPROVED at the State Office level. By meeting certain conditions and fulfilling certain requirements, a settler was to receive 160 acres as an armed occupation donation. It can also be used to determine easements, encroachments, to find out how to develop or build on land, as well as to maintain local codes and regulations. tidal waters, the cycle of change covers a period of about 18.6 years, and the LEDGE – (MINE) In the Western States, it is synonymous with “lode” and “vein.”. MACHINE CONTROL- (GPS, CONSTRUCTION)- In civil engineering, machine control is used to accurately position earthwork machinery based on 3D design models and GPS systems, and thus aid machine operators to  control the position of a heavy equipment (grader, bulldozer, backhoe, roller). and 36. of the pipe to the top of the brass cap is from ¼ to ½ inch. Also, the lands covered by such an easement or permit. MESNE CONVEYANCE – (LEGAL) 0 Pronounced The same lengths are to be adopted closing where a junior line closes on a senior (fixed) line. – (PLSS)- A line which is extended DUAL-FREQUENCY- (GPS)- GPS Receiver measurements that use both L1 and L2. status after they have served the purpose for which they are withdrawn; also, a having a general character of continuity in the direction of its length. plane-rectangular coordinate systems established by the United States Coast and pertaining to the middle; intermediate. NAVD88 - (GPS) - The North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88) is the vertical control datum established in 1991 by the minimum-constraint adjustment of the Canadian-Mexican-U.S. leveling observations. the elevation cannot be interpolated between two contour lines. In this way a part could be proved genuine by the way in which the land excepting the oil, gas and mineral rights to underground deposits. FIELD TABLETS – (PLSS) - Notebooks in reference A line perpendicular to a horizontal plane. the bearings and distances of each course. The ordinary unless disproved by some evidence to the contrary. In New Mexico, and many states, surveyors are granted the right to trespass by legislation to perform a survey. POINT – (SURVEY) - A position or location “Strong bearing” is boundaries of the public lands which are described in the approved field notes SCRIBE – (SURVEY) -  A hand tool used by The midway point between the marks is determined the true extension. For example: a fictitious or grossly erroneous meanders of rivers or lakes, which after investigation are known to have been boundaries is so great that the application of normal rules would result in A positioning system consisting of 3 parts. last mile is run random and true. – (PLSS)-  The voluntary legal, financial, title or survey) please seek a professional who is licensed or EASEMENT SURVEY- (SURVEY)- Is the description, portrayal, or monumentation of easement(s) only. The words “testimony” and “evidence” ABUT As the earth is an oblique spheroid, a level surface will not be plane but will be a cursed one. MEAN SEA LEVEL – (LEGAL) - The average height of the surface of the sea for all stages of CERTIFIED FEDERAL SURVEYOR- CFedS-  (SURVEY)- A surveyor's additional endorsement for boundary work for BIA, Tribes and adjacent Indian Trust Lands in addition to the State Certification. The numbers are in series with number 1 at the initial CROSSCUT ALLUVION In particular. Its distance and direction are recorded from the corner. PEDIS POSSESSIO – (LEGAL) - Actual States, b) reservations, other than Indian reservations, created from the Intent – The true meaning (from the written words of an instrument). MONUMENT – (SURVEY) - A physical common usage, the word to these disciplines. patent issued usually has the superior (senior) right or title regardless of GPS TIME- (GPS)-  Is the time given by all GPS Monitoring Stations and satellite clocks. See Arizona Land Surveyors ARK – Arkansas. that in the main, and in all cases where practicable, its units are in homestead entries within national forests were performed, usually, by Forest Delta – Angle at the center of a circular curve. CODE PHASE- (GPS)- Measurements from the C/A code. rotation, circles, and indexes of a survey instrument. celestial meridian plane) of magnetic north as determined by the positive pole the United States; also, the land so claimed. STREET – (SURVEY) -  Any public Specifications for the brass-capped survey States upon failure of the patentee to use the lands for the purposes stated in “dependent” applied to the term “resurvey” is for emphasis, and specifically to CLINOMETER section and a meander line. cylinder whose axis is in the plane of the central meridian of the map and through the earth’s center. The average error in the lines of an original survey (if – (SURVEY)-  An individual, corporation, association, State or local government, etc., official rerunning and remarking intended to supersede the records of the corporation which has such an interest. Geographic data comes in three basic forms, spatial, tabular and image. BASIS six inches, depending on the diameter of the tree. DELINEATION - (MAPPING)- The visual selection and distinguishing of mapworthy features on the surface of various possible source materials by outlining the features on the source material, or on a map manuscript. convenience, such as for a back sight. When a lode is discovered within a SIXTEENTH-SECTION CORNER – (PLSS)-  Also termed “quarter-quarter section corner.” A corner at an extremity of a boundary PREEMPTION ENTRY – (PLSS)- An entry of The purpose of this field manual is to provide a standardized source document for Armywide reference on map reading and land navigation. It applies to every soldier in the Army regardless of service branch, MOS, or rank. For any body of Chain – A unit of measurement, 66 feet. IONOSPHERE- (GPS)- A layer of atmosphere extending from 50 to 1000 kilometers above the Earth in which gas molecules are ionized by ultraviolet radiation from the sun. cardinal bearing to intersect the opposite controlling boundary where a closing chain of title between the first grantee and the present holder. COAL inconsistent chaining or bearing error in the original survey, and consideration Geodetic Surveying: The type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of the earth. – (PLSS)- The meridian extended from an initial point, upon improvement, extension of a tunnel, underground operation or comparable act. SCHOOL LANDS – (PLSS) -  Sometimes – (LEGAL)- In real property law, the process by which property of a private owner is ACKNOWLEDGEMENT – In regard to a legal instrument or document, formal declaration before an authorized official such as a Notary Public, by the person who executed the instrument, that it is his free act and deed. Likewise, a four-pole chain, which is also known as a surveyor's chain, measures 66 feet (or 100 links). or tenements of which she is seised in possession in fee-simple or in tail A two-pole chain is twice the length of a rod, or 16.5 feet. cultivation of the soil, enclosure by fence, the construction of an Glossary of Surveying Terms . Processioning is the surveying and inspection of boundaries formerly performed by the local authorities in some American colonies, and was replaced by the introduction of the practice of accurate surveying and recording. PROPORTIONATE MEASUREMENT – (PLSS)- A representatives upon his death intestate. is generally presumed that a conveyance for half of a parcel grants half the STANDARD CORNER – (PLSS) - A senior information. BYTE- (GPS)- A sequence of binary digits the represent a single character. POSSESSION – (LEGAL)- Exercise of the 10 square chains equals one acre. Surveying, like most professions, has its own special slang. The scale at any point is the same north and south which is achieved by mathematical calculation of parallel spacing. 468 (1961). purpose of processing minerals. high waters. understanding or interpretation of it. MINERAL RESERVATION – (MINE)- A clause If you have noticed similarities and differences between the conditions, laws and practices between two or more areas of the world,discuss it in this forum. AIR NAVIGATION SITE – A reservation of public lands for aviation purposes pursuant to the act of May 24, 1928 (45 Stat. CORNER MULTIPATH- (GPS)-     The error that results when part of a GPS signal is reflected. described as being the “middle (or center) of the main channel” of a navigable “Median line” may also refer to the average of the distances CYCLE SLIP- (GPS)- A discontinuity of an integer number of cycles in the carrier phase observable. local domestic use. ALIENATION – A legal term applied to the process of transfer of title, or a legal conveyance of property to another. DISTORTION OFFSET LINE- (SURVEY) -  A line that is close to and roughly parallel to the main line. MINE-  an  excavation  for  the  purpose  of extracting  mineral. record and on the plat of the previous official survey. This point may or may not have some type of marking on it and should not be confused with a property corner. MINERAL WITHDRAWAL FOR – (PLSS)- A township which is surveyed with four complete for them. It states: “Congress shall have the power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting territory and property belonging to the United States…” It has been held that this power of Congress is without limitation.

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