example of battery

Merely touching someone without his consent could potentially be considered battery, even if force wasn’t applied. The lead-acid battery, invented by Gaston Plante (a French physicist) in 1859, is one of the oldest yet the most widely used battery in the world. The common applications of zinc air fuel cells include watches, torch lights, remote control, film cameras, hearing aids etc. The case of Vosburg v. Putney is a prime example of the rule in common law called the “eggshell skull rule,” which basically means that an individual (the defendant) takes another individual (the plaintiff) as he finds him. Computer batteries. Unfortunately, the first battery wasn’t the best one as it came with its fair share of drawbacks. The burden of proof for civil liability is must less stringent, requiring that the victim prove only that it is more likely than not that the actions of the perpetrator caused his injuries and other losses. It is believed that in 1938, the Director of the Baghdad Museum discovered the “Baghdad Battery” in his museum’s basement. VRLA batteries are a medium to large, maintenance-free batteries that are sometimes called sealed lead-acid battery as well. This is the type of rechargeable battery that uses metallic cadmium and nickel oxide hydroxide as their source of electrodes. These batteries are composed of super airy lithium and carbon which is why they are lightweight in nature. They are popularly used in portable electronic devices such as watches, calculators, toys, cameras, digital thermometer etc. You can find alkaline batteries in numerous size forms such as AAA, AA, C, D, 9V etc. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Star Athletica, L.L.C. So that’s an example of one device with two kinds of batteries. Example, where person X with the intention of killing Y mixes poisonous material in his food. Lithium-ion batteries are extremely popular these days as they are used for charging or recharging popular gadgets like PDAs, cell phones, iPods, and laptops. Non-rechargeable batteries come with a wide range of advantages which make these devices the number one choice for most users. The crime Melonie committed is classified as a “simple” assault because she used no weapon, and her victim received only a few bruises and minor scratches. As the engine begins to run, the car is powered by the alternator – a car’s internal feature that helps charge the battery of the vehicle. Batteries have been around for a really long time and have become an extremely important and convenient device to power things up. The trial court again decided in favor of Andrew Vosburg, awarding him only $2,500. Lithium cells are known for producing voltages from 1.5 V to 3.7 V, depending on their model and chemical compounds used. There are a few basic types of primary batteries that are discussed in detail below: This is one of the most basic types of primary battery that gets its energy from the chemical reaction between zinc metal and manganese dioxide. Nevertheless, the court made a finding of $11,000, which was overturned on appeal. Zinc air fuel cells comprises an anode that is made up of granulated powder and electrolyte. They enjoy a relatively long lifespan and cheap per amp-hour; but in order to make the most of these advantages, these batteries need regular maintenance including cleaning and watering their internal components. These are reliable and supremely powerful industrial batteries, used for a variety of applications – lifting trucks and forklifts. Most scrap yards are willing to accept them but it is likely for them to not accept other kinds of batteries. For example, (a rhetorical question), can a patient claim a tort of battery if the patient fell but the patient screams to the nurse, "Don't touch me!" Typically, patient safety comes first. Instead of the acidic ammonium chloride or zinc chloride, the battery consists of an alkaline electrolyte of potassium hydroxide and due to this property it is named “alkaline batteries”. The police had already been called, and when they arrive a few minutes later, Melonie is arrested for simple assault. Melonie has committed a misdemeanor. That’s because these regions are moving from the use of carbon zinc batteries to alkaline batteries. These batteries get this characteristic mainly due to the presence of manganese dioxide anode as it is better and denser and avoid other components to take up a lot of unnecessary space. For example, to charge a 12 V lead-acid battery (containing 6 cells of 2 V each) at 2.3 VPC requires a voltage of 13.8 V across the battery's terminals. This stack of different elements was called a “voltaic pile” and was the first device to release continuous and lasting current. An example of a battery is a collection of cannons attacking the same target. Alessandro Volta – an Italian physicist – created the first battery by compiling alternating discs of zinc, pasteboard, and silver. Misdemeanor assault and battery charges may result in probation, a fine, community service, or imprisonment in the county jail for up to one year. What helps keep the chemical energy and electrical energy stored in the battery are the two battery parts – container and plate. The tort of negligence and the tort of battery are both limited in the extent to which they protect a patient’s right to make an autonomous decision when consenting to medical treatment. To explore this concept, consider the following assault and battery definition. Although assault and battery is now considered to be a single crime in almost every jurisdiction in the United States, the courts in many may charge a perpetrator with separate crimes of assault or battery if it wishes to do so. Assault and battery have no statutory definition. Unlike the other two batteries that are discussed above, mercury cells come in a button-like shape and size which make these batteries super convenient and easy to carry around. C, D, and 9V are ideally used for high-drain devices while AA and AAA are used for low-drain applications. As compared to other kinds of industrial batteries, absolyte batteries are safer as they inhibit the release of harmful hydrogen gas and acid leakage. One of the common methods to charge a VRLA battery is through constant-voltage charging. These batteries also demand self-discharge, even after their storage. The C-rate is a measure of the rate at which a battery is being charged or discharged. Following are some popular types of vehicle batteries that you must know about: A hybrid car battery is like any other battery, only that it is rechargeable and has enough solution to make the vehicle running for miles. During the trial, Putney’s defense made the point that he had no knowledge that Vosburg suffered from a prior injury, and so he could not have intended to cause such a severe injury. There was no reasonable chance he could have retreated or escaped. Example of Battery. While first time offenders may receive more leniency, repeat offenders often face stiffer penalties for similar crimes. In 1749, one of the founding fathers of the United States – Benjamin Franklin used the terminology “battery” when he was doing electrical experiments using parallel capacitors. Re: A real life example of battery life February 28, 2014, 07:03:02 am #1 The 6600mA battery is actually 3 parallel cells but they appear as 1 cell … A battery can also be committed where the behaviour was intended as affectionate, as was confirmed in R v Braham [2013] EWCA Crim 3. Enraged, Sarah runs over, screaming at her boyfriend, and shoves the woman, who shoves back. One day a classmate, 11-year old George Putney, reached across the aisle with his foot and made contact with Vosburg’s leg just below the knee, technically committing battery. Examples of acts that do not constitute a battery include: The court ruled in favor of Dailey claiming he did not intend to cause injury. Assault and battery definition, an assault with an actual touching or other violence upon another. It does not matter that the defendant had no knowledge that the plaintiff had a prior injury (an “eggshell skull”), as he should know that his actions could cause serious injury to another person. Above all, these cells are able to pack 5% of its charge every month as compared to a 20% loss witnessed in NiMH batteries. Another example of a dry-cell battery is the alkaline battery. Alkaline batteries consist of a steady voltage which provides better energy density and leakage resistance, unlike carbon zinc batteries. The main application of these batteries is powering heavy-duty machinery, railroads, and backup power systems for utilities and telecommunications. Besides the fact that they help charge devices we can’t live without, these batteries are considered to be the most light-weight and energetic batteries available on the market. Merely touching someone without his consent could potentially be considered battery, even if force wasn’t applied. An example of battery is. A primary factor in either crime, assault or battery, is having the intent to cause harm to another person. To avoid such an occurrence, these cells comprise a reversible safety valve. a. a patient who refuses to be suctioned and is suctioned anyway after refusal. In her rage, Sarah didn’t even notice that the woman is pregnant, but this means she is in a protected class in most jurisdictions. For example, as compared to newer battery systems, these batteries emit low energy. Damage from cell reversal [ edit ] Subjecting a discharged cell to a current in the direction which tends to discharge it further to the point the positive and negative terminals switch polarity causes a condition called cell reversal . The absorption voltage range from 14.0 to 14.2 volts. 1200-1250        Middle English asaut. For example, what happens in a cell membrane (especially a nerve cell) is a highly electric phenomenon, depending on charges flowing through the membrane. Some of the uses of secondary batteries include mobile phones, MP3 players, computer, telephone exchanges, wristwatches, hearing aids etc. Andrew Vosburg’s parents filed a lawsuit against George Putney for battery. Alkaline batteries are almost the same as zinc-carbon batteries, except that the electrolyte used is potassium hydroxide (KOH) rather than ammonium chloride. Steel case batteries are also available in their scrape form which means that they can be recycled and used again. 403 (Wisc. The battery occurs when the chair causes Tim to fall forward and hit his head. This problem remains that tort law does not protect notions of autonomy and hence the courts have been challenged to approximate the patient’s loss in other terms. These batteries provide electrical current to an automobile’s engine to start it up. Assault and battery punishments vary greatly, depending on the laws of the jurisdiction and the circumstances surrounding the crime. During charging of battery, the negative and positive terminals of charger DC source are connected to the negative and positive electrode of the battery. If the victim is injured, or suffered physical or emotional distress, he could sue the perpetrator in civil court, where the perpetrator may be ordered to pay money damages in the form of medical bills, including prescription medications, compensation for the victim’s lost days at work, and even money for the pain and suffering he caused the victim. The primary users of the alkaline battery are situated in the regions of North America and Europe. Also known as lithium rechargeable batteries, these primary batteries consist of metallic lithium as an anode. The relevant law in Georgia reads as follows: O.C.G.A. First of all, primary batteries cost super low as compared to other smart batteries. This battery comes in a strikingly modern design. Following are the types of secondary batteries that are widely used today: Also known as “gel cells”, the lead acid gel battery is a VRLA battery (which stands for valve-regulated lead-acid battery) with a gel-like electrolyte. Some common examples of flooded lead acid batteries used only in solar and wind electric systems are 2 volt industrial cells, 6 volt L-16’s, and 6 volt golf-cart batteries. While batteries can be divided depending on their sizes, composition, form, and functions, they are, generally, classified into the following categories: The simplest meaning for understanding primary batteries is that these batteries are for one-time use only and must be discarded then. The two get into an argument that leads to John punching Mark in the face, breaking his nose. The jar-shaped battery was 5 inches (12.7 cm) in length and consisted of an iron rod enclosed in copper; upon investigation, this peculiar battery seemed to date back from about 200 B.C. Sarah walks into a bar with her friends for a girls’ night out, and sees her boyfriend dancing suggestively with another woman. A battery is defined as a group of military artillery such as heavy guns or rockets. The worst of all is that cadmium is a dangerous metal which means that the battery needs to be used with care or else can create quite destruction. These batteries also demand self-discharge, even after their storage. For instance, it consists of a jar to cover heat seal, an excellent separator compression, a modular steel tray etc. Even if abused, these batteries can provide good load performance and pretty long shelf life. As the name gives away, vehicle batteries are used in vehicles like motor cars, trucks, bikes etc. Without having different kinds of batteries, the world would have been a rough and tough place to live in. Battery definition, a combination of two or more cells electrically connected to work together to produce electric energy. Battery Doesn't Need to Use All Current in an Hour Again, mAH, iillliampere-hours, show how many milliamperes of current the battery can supply per hour of use. The picture below is an example of a removed laptop battery with a close-up of the battery rating. This type of battery is still in working and can be regarded as the oldest form of “rechargeable battery”. However, today, it has a completely new field of application as it is used for moving and charging electric vehicles. While assault and battery were traditionally classified as two very distinct crimes, modern laws pair them together as one offense. Again, as an example, a 1900mAH battery can supply 1900mA of current to a circuit for one hour, and then it will have used all of its charge. Example of Simple Assault. In addition to these, the heavy-voltage battery consists of an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide. Although the statutes defining battery will vary by jurisdiction, a typical definition for battery is the intentional offensive or harmful touching of another person without their consent. With an abbreviation NiMH or Ni-MH, a nickel metal hydride battery offers a plethora of advantages over other rechargeable batteries. A crime in which there is actual touching or violence along with the intent to cause a person harm and/or fear. 1891)). Frustrated, Diana grabs the gun off of the table and waves it menacingly at Dan’s back. Besides affordability, these batteries are easy, simple, and convenient to the extent that any novice can use them without any trouble. These batteries require low maintenance and can be stored in their state-of-discharge. asked Oct 18, 2015 in Nursing by Stratolaunch. These batteries possess high energy density and aren’t costly to produce. First-degree assault and battery charges are the most severe and it includes extreme bodily harm, usually with the use of a weapon. As in criminal battery, there is involvement of intention to kill the other person, hence in criminal battery intension plays the great role. Battery: Definition. You can get these batteries, in various sizes, at quite an affordable price range. The battery is not criminal unless willful intent to inflict an injury or another unlawful act on the victim exists. Hybrid batteries consist of two electrodes that help receive and emit an electric charge. For example, a 12 volt battery with a capacity of 500 Ah battery allows energy storage of approximately 100 Ah x 12 V = 1,200 Wh or 1.2 KWh. However, lithium batteries should not be confused with lithium-ion batteries as they are rechargeable, storage battery used in devices like laptops, cell phones, PDAs, and iPods. These constituents keep the voltage conditions of NiCd battery intact, especially in cases like high current discharge. This miniature-sized battery uses a chemical reaction between zinc electrodes and mercuric oxide in an alkaline electrolyte. John is arrested and charged with battery, and, in addition to the criminal case, Mark sues John in civil court for medical expenses. It is the kind of automotive vehicle that uses sponge lead and lead peroxide for converting the chemical energy into electrical power. He had a genuine fear of being harmed by the other party. If misused or mishandled, these batteries can result in a dangerously high pressure that can damage the device altogether. While it is a common vehicle battery, it is also commonly used on various power stations and substations due to its excellent voltage capacity and lower costs. Acts that constitute battery could include: playing a joke on a person, where the "punchline" involves offensive contact. Other ways to designate the various assault and battery charges include: Melonie walks into a bar with her friends for a girls’ night out, and sees her boyfriend dancing suggestively with another woman. First of all, nickel metal hydride batteries are a fast-working battery that can work for a really long time without getting stressed out. When it comes to the Middle East and Africa, both these regions are seeing a rising trend of using these batteries. Enraged, Melonie runs over, grabs the other woman by the hair, and drags her to the ground, where they scuffle until Melonie’s friends pull them apart. This is the overall basic of charging of battery. From the Cambridge English Corpus The two tasks were part of a larger assessment battery on cognitive deficits that lasted about 11/2 hours. For example its misdemeanor of a high and aggravated nature when committed against a person who is 65 years of age or older or against a female who is pregnant or in a public transit vehicle or station. To make these cells work, they need to be kept within +60 degrees centigrade all the way down to minus 20 degrees centigrade. There are three computer batteries types used with computers. The Act The act must result in one of two forms of contact. To identify these batteries, you must know that they are heavier than any other type of industrial battery, weighing from a few hundred kilograms to all the way to thousands of kilograms. A much more ancient example of multiple batteries are portable vacuum tube devices, which used three separate batteries: a battery for the vacuum tube heaters, another one (high voltage, 30 or more volts) for the plate, and a third battery … Choosing the right separator like polypropylene or nylon and the electrolyte such as LiOH, NaOH, and KOH is also of utmost importance for these batteries to work efficiently. Batteries that can be recharged are called secondary batteries. Following are some common types of industrial batteries used today: This is the kind of industrial battery that boasts a valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) design. Battery manufacturers quantify this leakage as self-discharge per month. However, the battery comes with certain limitations. This valve activation results in the escaping of some of the gas and electrolyte. For example, a 300 mAH battery with self-discharge per month of 0.5% loses 1.5 mAH of its capacity after one month. Gel cells are not as common as other batteries like AGM, but they are popularly used in wheelchairs, trolling motors, and RV cycles. Putney’s family appealed, and a new trial was ordered due to an error in the first trial. Batteries are undoubtedly the most reliable and compact ways to produce electrical energy in various devices, equipment, machinery, and vehicles. However, batteries have not always enjoyed the “ever-present” stature. Flooded lead acid batteries are known for their use of solar energy and are used in many stand-alone energy systems. In most jurisdictions, assault and battery is a crime committed when a person attempts to physically harm another person, and acts in a way that causes the victim to fear that he will be harmed. Ruth’s family sued little Brian for Ruth’s injuries, claiming he had committed the act, technically battery, intentionally, even though he didn’t intend to injure her. Batteries are so ubiquitous today that it is hard to imagine modern life without them. Review the example in "Example of Threatened Battery Assault Act".Change the example so that after Diana verbally threatens Dan, he shrugs, turns around, and begins to walk away. Judges have been reluctant to rely on the tort of battery to protect a patient’s right to information disclosure arguing that negligence is the more appropriate route in many c… For example, as compared to newer battery systems, these batteries emit low energy. The punishment for battery (maximum 6 months imprisonment) is set out in statute under s.39 Criminal Justice Act 1988. Assault referred to any intentional act that causes another person to be fearful of immediate harm. Basically, batteries are tiny chemical reactors that produce energetic electrons as an ultimate reaction and flow through the connected device. Depending on the size of the device, you can choose the zinc air battery accordingly. throwing an object that strikes a person, and. Ruth, who was an adult, fell and broke her hip. In 1859, the most durable battery – the lead-acid battery – came into being. v. Varsity Brands, Inc. An unlawful physical attack, or threat of violence, on an individual, with or without actual injury. First, is the backup battery, which is commonly referred to as the CMOS battery that holds your computer's settings, such as the time and date. (See Vosburg v. Putney, 80 Wis. 523, 50 N.W. Also known as mercuric oxide battery or mercury cell, the mercury battery is a non-rechargeable electrochemical battery that can be used up to 10 years. Bear in mind that these are the most sensitive batteries as they can result in an adverse reaction if they are overly charged. It was this kind of battery that Alessandro Volta invented first in 1800. However, unlike AGM cells, the gel cell has silica that makes the electrolyte stiff. For example, the intentionally bringing a car into contact with another person, or the intentional striking of a person with a thrown rock, is a battery. The nickel-iron battery is another industrial battery consisting of nickel (III), oxide-hydroxide positive plates, and iron negative plates. Many modern statutes don't bother to distinguish between the two crimes, as evidenced by the fact that the phrase "assault and battery" has become as common as "salt and pepper." Initially, it was used in mining trains and railways. These Baghdad batteries were mainly used for religious or medicinal purposes or electroplating. However, other methods are also used to charge VRLA methods quickly. Lithium polymer batteries, for example, can be recharged Without batteries, your quadcopter would have to be tethered to the wall, you would have to hand crank your car, and your Xbox controller would have … Also referred to as rechargeable batteries, secondary batteries come with electrochemical cells whose chemical reactions can easily be reversed by applying some amount of voltage in an opposite direction. Battery, on the other hand, referred to an intentional and offensive physical contact with a victim who had not given his consent to be touched. They are heavy, consume more energy, and provide high-voracity output to an industry. As compared to other batteries like a zinc-carbon battery of the zinc chloride, alkaline batteries possess a greater energy density and longer lifespan. On the other hand, the plate of the lead acid battery is designed from the grid which allows a uniform distribution of current. Having VRLA in your car requires regular maintenance. In 1955, 5-year old Brian Dailey pulled Ruth Garratt’s chair out from beneath her just as she was sitting down. The worst of all is that cadmium is a dangerous metal which means that the battery needs to be used with care or … But it wasn’t until 1800 that the first true battery was invented. Since its discovery, experts have replicated the model in various ways to produce an electric charge. An unwanted kiss for example would suffice and the fact that it was motivated by misdirected affection will not prevent it from satisfying the actus reus of battery… The best advantage of nickel cadmium cells is that they remain durable for a really long time. An on-off switch connected to your phone or laptop helps the cell’s electrodes to produce power, resulting in an electrochemical reaction. Typically, these cells are used in high-drain appliances or in situations that may be too costly or impractical. According to historic criminal laws, assault and battery were two crimes that could possibly occur at the same time. Some laws use the term “aggravated assault and battery” charges in place of first-degree assault. 7 baseball : the pitcher and catcher of a team one of the greatest batteries in baseball history. Abbreviation: a&b See more. When the police arrive, Sarah, who started the fight, is arrested and charged with aggravated assault. The following elements must be proven to establish a case for battery: (1) an act by a defendant; (2) an intent to cause harmful or offensive contact on the part of the defendant; and (3) harmful or offensive contact to the plaintiff. Modern laws pair the offenses of assault and battery together as one, with the idea that making threats of violence, engaging in threatening behavior that causes the victim fear he will be harmed, and actually physically harming someone all show an intent to cause harm. 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